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After the French Revolution, in Europe there were uprisings demanding more individual liberty in 1820 and 1830. But the most extended was in 1848

The Italian Unification or Italian Risorgimento. In the middle of the 19 th century, Italy was composed of several states; some of them were independent and other were under Austrian control. They only shared a common language, Italian.

c)Vittorio Emanuele II: parliamentary king of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He became Vittorio Emanuele II, king of Italy d)Camilo de Cavour: Vittorio Emmanuele´s Prime Minister. He united the northern states of Italy.

 The kingdom of

Piedmont and

Sardinia was helped

by the French king

Napoleon III in the

war against Austria.

As a compensation he

received from Victor

Emmanuel Nice and

Savoy.

The unification of Germany : In 1815 Germany was divided into 39 states. The most powerful of them was Prussia.

Important figures of the German Unification: a) William I: Prussian King. He strengthened the army and named Bismarck as Prime Minister. In 1871 he was proclaimed emperor. b)Bismarck: chancellor of William I. He held an important role in German government and greatly influenced German politics. He gained the nickname “Iron Chancellor”.