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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND
DISORDERS |VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A* /2026-
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? - answer- Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) What does the central nervous system consist of? - answer- The brain and spinal cord What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? - answer- Nerves that connect the CNS to every organ and area of the body What is the role of the autonomic nervous system? - answer- Controls internal organs and other self-regulating body functions What are the three types of neurons in nerve tissue? - answer- Sensory neurons, internuncial neurons, and motor neurons What occurs when a neuron is stimulated? - answer- Ions move across the cell membrane, creating a current What is action potential? - answer- A state where the inside of the neuron briefly becomes more positive than the outside What is a synapse? - answer- A minute space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another What are neurotransmitters? - answer- Chemicals released at synapses that speed up or slow down transmission
How does alcohol affect synaptic action? - answer- It slows down reactions How do stimulants affect synaptic action? - answer- They speed up reactions What do cranial nerves connect? - answer- The brain directly to sensory organs How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer- 12 pairs How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? - answer- 31 pairs What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system? - answer- To control involuntary functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? - answer- Sympathetic and parasympathetic Where does the sympathetic nervous system begin? - answer- At the base of the brain and runs down the spinal cord What does the vagus nerve affect? - answer- Upper abdominal organs What does the pelvic nerve branch into? - answer- Lower abdominal and pelvic organs What part of the brain controls sensory and motor activities? - answer- Cerebrum What is the function of the frontal lobe? - answer- Related to emotions, personality, moral traits, and intellectual functions
How much cerebrospinal fluid is formed daily? - answer- 450 mL (15 oz) per day. What is arteriography used for? - answer- To detect aneurysms, hemorrhage, arteriosclerosis, or signs of a stroke by injecting dye into the carotid artery. What does the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assess? - answer- It assesses eye movement, verbal response, and motor response to determine the level of unconsciousness. What is a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan? - answer- A series of x-rays that create a three-dimensional picture of the brain to identify tumors, bleeding, and other conditions. What does an electroencephalography (EEG) measure? - answer- It measures the brain's electrical signals to detect abnormalities caused by conditions like epilepsy, tumors, and sleep disorders. What is a lumbar puncture used for? - answer- To remove cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, such as checking for bleeding or infection. What is the primary use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)? - answer- To generate detailed images of the brain and spine without radiation. What does ultrasound imaging analyze in the brain? - answer- It analyzes blood flow and can diagnose conditions like stroke, brain tumors, and hydrocephalus. What is Alzheimer's Disease? - answer- A progressive, degenerative disease that impairs memory, thinking, and behavior; it is the 6th leading cause of death in the U.S. What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? - answer- A fatal, progressive neurological disease that causes degeneration of motor neurons, typically occurring between ages 40 and 60.
What is Bell's Palsy? - answer- A disease affecting the seventh cranial nerve, causing weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, usually resolving spontaneously. What is Cerebral Palsy? - answer- A nonprogressive brain injury affecting muscle and brain development, with four forms: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed. What is dementia? - answer- A loss of brain functions affecting memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior, often starting with forgetfulness. What is encephalitis? - answer- Severe brain inflammation that causes edema and nerve cell destruction, often caused by viruses. What is epilepsy? - answer- A seizure disorder affecting about 3 million adults and 470, children in the U.S., associated with abnormal electrical impulses from brain neurons. What are primary headaches caused by? - answer- Problems with or overactivity of pain-sensitive structures in the head. What are secondary headaches a symptom of? - answer- A disease that activates the pain- sensitive nerves of the head. What characterizes a migraine headache? - answer- Severe throbbing pain, often with fatigue, visual disturbances, or sensory symptoms. What are common triggers for migraines? - answer- Diet, sleep, activity, bright light, psychological issues, and other factors. What is meningitis? - answer- Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, often caused by viral infections.
What are the five parts of the brain? - answer- Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus). What are the meninges? - answer- Membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater. What role does cerebrospinal fluid play? - answer- It circulates within the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. What are some diagnostic tests for neurological conditions? - answer- Arteriography, CAT or CT scan, EEG, EMG, and MRI. What is the Glasgow Coma Scale used for? - answer- To evaluate neurological status. Name a disease discussed that affects the nervous system. - answer- Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, dementia, encephalitis, epilepsy, essential tremor, Guillain Barre, headache, migraine, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, neuralgia, paralysis, Parkinson's, Reye's syndrome, sciatica, or spinal cord defects.
