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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS |, Exams of Neurology

Stanford UniversityNeurology

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? - answer- Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of? - answer- The brain and spinal cord What is the primary function of the CNS? - answer- Processing and integrating information, and coordinating activity throughout the body What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of? - answer- Cranial nerves and spinal nerves What is the role of the PNS? - answer- Connects the CNS to the rest of the body and carries sensory and motor information How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer- 12 pairs

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 04/08/2026

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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND
DISORDERS |VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A* /2026-2027
Meningitis - answer- -inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord
-may be bacterial or viral
-symptoms: headache, fever, and stiff neck
-in severe form, may lead to paralysis, coma, and death
-if bacterial, may be treated with antibiotics
Encephalitis - answer- -inflammation of the brain
-cause: virus or chemical
-symptoms: fever, lethargy, extreme weakness, visual disturbances
Epilepsy - answer- -seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by recurring and excessive
discharge from neurons
-seizures believed to be result of spontaneous, uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons
-cause: uncertain
-victim may have hallucinations and seizures
Grand mal - answer- Severe, convulsive seizure
Petit mal - answer- Mild seizure
Cerebral palsy - answer- -disturbances in voluntary muscular action due to brain damage
-may be due to birth injury or abnormal brain development
-symptoms: head rolling, grimacing, difficult speech and swallowing
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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND

DISORDERS |VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

A* /2026-

Meningitis - answer- -inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord -may be bacterial or viral -symptoms: headache, fever, and stiff neck -in severe form, may lead to paralysis, coma, and death -if bacterial, may be treated with antibiotics Encephalitis - answer- -inflammation of the brain -cause: virus or chemical -symptoms: fever, lethargy, extreme weakness, visual disturbances Epilepsy - answer- -seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by recurring and excessive discharge from neurons -seizures believed to be result of spontaneous, uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons -cause: uncertain -victim may have hallucinations and seizures Grand mal - answer- Severe, convulsive seizure Petit mal - answer- Mild seizure Cerebral palsy - answer- -disturbances in voluntary muscular action due to brain damage -may be due to birth injury or abnormal brain development -symptoms: head rolling, grimacing, difficult speech and swallowing

-no impairment of intellect Spastic quadriplegia - answer- Spastic paralysis in all four limbs Poliomyelitis - answer- -disease of nerve pathways of spinal cord (causes paralysis) -almost eliminated in USA (vaccine) Hydrocephalus - answer- -increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid within ventricles of brain -usually blockage in 3rd or 4th ventricle -enlargement of head, usually noticed at birth -bypass of shunt performed to relieve pressure Parkinson's disease - answer- -symptoms: tremors, shuffling gait, pill-rolling, and muscular rigidity -decrease in neurotransmitter dopamine -Rx: L-dopa and other drugs to treat symptoms Multiple Sclerosis - answer- -chronic inflammatory disease of CNS -immune cells attack myelin sheath of axon-myelin sheath destroyed, leaving scar tissue on nerve cells -transmission of nerve impulses blocked -cause: unknown -symptoms: weakness of extremities, numbness, double vision, nystagmus (rapid eye movement), speech problems, loss of coordination, possible paralysis -typically strikes young adults age 20-40, mostly women -Rx: Avonex-slows progress

Hemiplegia - answer- Paralysis on one side of the body Quadriplegia - answer- Paralysis of all four extremities Stroke - answer- -also known as CVA (cerebral vascular accident) -interruptions of blood and O2 to brain -tissue death -third leading cause of death in USA -Risk Factors: smoking, hypertension, heart disease, family history -Causes: 90% caused by blood clots,clots lodge in carotid arteries, blocking the flow of blood to the brain, 10% caused by ruptured blood vessels in the brain -Symptoms: hemiplegia on opposite side of the body, dizziness, aphasia, coma,sudden severe headache, sudden loss of vision in one eye, dysphasia, possible death -Treatment: 1) get to the hospital immediately 2) CT done to determine etiology 3) if a clot, treatment aimed at dissolving clot -Prevention: if TIA's-one aspirin a day, exercise and weight loss, stop smoking, control hypertension |