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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS, Exams of Neurology

Stanford UniversityNeurology

Meningitis - answer- -inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord -may be bacterial or viral -symptoms: headache, fever, and stiff neck -in severe form, may lead to paralysis, coma, and death -if bacterial, may be treated with antibiotics Encephalitis - answer- -inflammation of the brain -cause: virus or chemical -symptoms: fever, lethargy, extreme weakness, visual disturbances Epilepsy - answer- -seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by recurring and excessive discharge from neurons -seizures believed to be result of spontaneous, uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons -cause: uncertain -victim may have hallucinations and seizures Grand mal - answer- Severe, convulsive seizure Petit mal - answer- Mild seizure

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 04/08/2026

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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND
DISORDERS |VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A* /2026-2027
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? - answer- Central Nervous System (CNS)
and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of? - answer- The brain and spinal cord
What is the primary function of the CNS? - answer- Processing and integrating information, and
coordinating activity throughout the body
What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of? - answer- Cranial nerves and spinal
nerves
What is the role of the PNS? - answer- Connects the CNS to the rest of the body and carries
sensory and motor information
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer- 12 pairs
What is the function of the Olfactory nerve? - answer- Smell
What is the function of the Optic nerve? - answer- Vision
What is the function of the Oculomotor nerve? - answer- Eye movement and pupil constriction
What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve? - answer- Facial sensation and chewing
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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND

DISORDERS |VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

A* /2026-

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? - answer- Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of? - answer- The brain and spinal cord What is the primary function of the CNS? - answer- Processing and integrating information, and coordinating activity throughout the body What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of? - answer- Cranial nerves and spinal nerves What is the role of the PNS? - answer- Connects the CNS to the rest of the body and carries sensory and motor information How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer- 12 pairs What is the function of the Olfactory nerve? - answer- Smell What is the function of the Optic nerve? - answer- Vision What is the function of the Oculomotor nerve? - answer- Eye movement and pupil constriction What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve? - answer- Facial sensation and chewing

What is the function of the Vagus nerve? - answer- Controls organs How many segments does the spinal cord have? - answer- 31 spinal segments What are the two divisions of the autonomic PNS? - answer- Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems What is the function of the sympathetic system? - answer- Prepares the body for stressful situations (fight-or-flight response) What is the function of the parasympathetic system? - answer- Conserves energy (rest-and-digest state) What is a synapse? - answer- The point where one neuron communicates with another What are neuroglial cells? - answer- Support cells of the nervous system that protect and nourish neurons What is the purpose of a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan? - answer- To produce images showing activity and function of brain tissue What are reflexes? - answer- Automatic responses to specific stimuli, often involving the spinal cord What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture (spinal tap)? - answer- To collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic testing

What is the role of the brainstem? - answer- Connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. What is the function of the cerebellum? - answer- Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, posture, and muscle tone. What is the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)? - answer- A selective barrier that protects the CNS by preventing harmful substances from entering brain tissue. What are the three layers of the meninges? - answer- Dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (innermost). What is the definitive test for diagnosing meningitis? - answer- Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). What indicators in CSF suggest meningitis? - answer- Elevated white blood cells, low glucose levels, and elevated protein levels. What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? - answer- A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons. What is the primary effect of ALS? - answer- Leads to muscle weakness, atrophy, and loss of voluntary motor control. What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? - answer- Somatic division (voluntary) and autonomic division (involuntary). What is the function of cranial nerves? - answer- Control head, neck, and certain visceral functions.

What are the signs of an absence seizure? - answer- Vacant stare, chewing or jaw movements, finger rubbing, and lip smacking. What characterizes a grand mal seizure? - answer- Loss of consciousness and uncontrolled muscle contractions. What is the role of neurons in the nervous system? - answer- They transmit electrochemical messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands. What are common symptoms of nervous system disorders? - answer- Headache, muscle weakness, and paresthesia (loss of sensation). What does reflex testing assess? - answer- The integrity of reflex pathways and overall health of the nervous system. What is areflexia? - answer- Absence of a reflex. What is hyporeflexia? - answer- Decreased or below-normal reflex. What is hyperreflexia? - answer- Stronger-than-normal reflex. What does the somatic division connect? - answer- The CNS to skin and skeletal muscles for voluntary control. What does the autonomic division control? - answer- Internal organs and glands without conscious effort. What is the typical duration of a migraine headache? - answer- Typically around 4 hours but can last up to a week.