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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Student ID Class Assessor name Ha Trong Thang Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
Le minh duong duonglmgch gch
Contents
- Task
- Personal AreaNetwork
- Local AreaNetwork
- Metropolitan AreaNetwork..................................................................................................................................................................
- Network protocals
- TCP/UDP
- IP protocol
- DNS
- HTTP(HypertextTransferProtocol)......................................................................................................................................................
- TASK
- Network Topology
- Types of Network Topology
- Bus Topology
- Advantages:
- Disadvantages:........................................................................................................................................................................
- Mesh Topology...............................................................................................................................................................
- Advantages:
- Disadvantages:........................................................................................................................................................................
- Ring Topology
- Advantages:
- Disadvantages:........................................................................................................................................................................
- Star Topology
- Advantages:
- Disadvantages:........................................................................................................................................................................
- Tree Topology Use:
- Advantages:
- Disadvantages:........................................................................................................................................................................
- Network communication
- Bandwidth
- 2.1
- Task
- Task 4 Interdependence.................................................................................................................................................................
- Computer Software And Hardware Interdependent With Each Other
- Network Workstation Hardware.............................................................................................................................................
- Computer Hardware And Software
- Hardware Communication......................................................................................................................................................
Task 4.1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
- DatabaseServer...................................................................................................................................................................... 22 eMail Server ............................................................................................................................................................................... 23 File Server .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Expandable Space................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Price ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 24 Task 4.1.1 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Benefits of Mesh Topology .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Task 1
1.1What is the network
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic ... There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized by their size as well as their purpose.
1.2 Types of network
In terms of purpose, many networks can be considered general purpose, which means they are used for everything from sending files to a printer to accessing the Internet. Some types of networks, however, serve a very particular purpose. Some of the different networks based on their main purpose are: Personal AreaNetwork A personal area network , or PAN , is a computer network organized around an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a small office or residence. A typical PAN would include one or more computers, telephones, peripheral devices, video game consoles and other personal entertainment devices. This type of network provides great flexibility. For example, it allows you to:
- Send a document to the printer in the office upstairs while you are far away
- Upload a photo from your cell phone to your desktop computer.
- Watch movies from an online streaming service to your TV.
printers
- inexpensive hardware - 2.Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator can see and check personal data files of each and every LAN user. Man 1. It provides good security 2.It helps in cost-effective sharing of common resources such as printer etc 1.More cable require for a MAN connection from one place to another 2.The data rate is slow compared to LAN For small region such as university or a town
Task 1.2:Network protocals
What is a network protocol and its purpose? Network protocols is the method to allow network applications to exchange data between nodes. There are several types such as TCP,UDP,HTTP,…
TCP/UDP
The main difference between is that TCP is a connection-oriented protocol while UDP is a connectionless protocol. When the TCP protocol is used, a special connection is opened up between two network devices, and the channel remains open to transmit data until it is closed. On the other hand, a UDP transmission does not make a proper connection and merely broadcasts its data to the specified network address without any verification of receipt. IP protocol IP stands for Internet Protocol. This protocol works with TCP and UDP protocols. It provides a unique identity to each node on the computer network. This identity is known as an IP address. An IP address is a software address of the node on a computer network. There are two versions of IP protocol: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 uses 32 bits to create an IP address while IPv6 uses 128 bits to create an IP address. DNS DNS stands for Domain Name Service. This service allows us to access a node by its name. By default, nodes use IP addresses to identify each other on the network. DNS service allows us to map a name to an IP address. When we access a node by its name, the DNS service translates the name into the IP address. HTTP(HypertextTransferProtocol) When a client enters an address into a Web browser, DNS is called to resolve the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) to an IP address. When the address is resolved, an HTTP get request is sent to the Web server. The Web server responds with an HTTP send response. Such communication is done several times throughout a single session to a Web site. HTTP uses TCP for communication between clients and servers. 1.3 International standard organization o American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI is the main organization responsible for coordinating and publishing computer and information technology standards in the United States. o Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC): ITIC is a group of several dozen companies in the information technology (computer) industry. ITIC is the SDO approved by ANSI to develop and process standards related to many computer-related topics. o National Committee for Information Technology (NCITS): A committee established by the ITIC to develop and maintain standards related to the information technology world. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): The is a well-known professional organization for those in the electrical or electronics fields, including computers and networking. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA): The EIA is an international industry association that is best known for publishing electrical wiring and transmission standards.
- Physical topology is also an arrangement where two or more computers communicate with each other in the physical space of 3D world
- Logical topology is how these computers will interact with information flow between them Types of Network Topology It could be broadly classified into the following different types.
- Bus Topology
- Mesh Topology
- Ring Topology
- Star Topology
- Tree Topology 1. Bus Topology Uses:
- It is generally used over a small network such as LAN.
- Here messages need to be transmitted over the limited number of participant nodes. Advantages:
- Easy to use and understand.
- Cost-effective.
- Easy to extend the network by simply adding a repeater ( a repeater generally boosts the signal and helps for transmission to longer distances). Disadvantages:
- A single cable break will bring down the bus topology.
- Too many participants nodes make the network slow. 2. Mesh Topology Uses:
- A mesh topology is generally used over a large network where a single node’s breakdown shall not affect the complete network.
- It is generally used as if a single fault in routes, wires, etc., shall not hamper complete topology. Advantages:
- Better fault-tolerance capacity.
- Failure of one participant node or other devices such as routers will not affect the complete network.
- If there is a breakdown in one path between two nodes, then an alternate path is always available. Disadvantages:
- The network becomes too complex as there are large participants nodes.
- It becomes costly due to the set-up of multiple paths. 3. Ring Topology
Use:
- A general implementation of the star topology is an Ethernet 10BaseT network. Advantages:
- A single node failure does not affect the complete network.
- The network can run smoothly as far as the centralized hub is running smoothly.
- It is more cost-effective since the centralized network reduces network administration costs highly. Disadvantages:
- Failure of the central hub will disrupt the whole topology.
- It is slightly costly when compared to bus topology. 5. Tree Topology Use:
- It is generally used where there is a requirement of communication between two networks. Advantages:
- Easily scalable since adding a new node a leaf node is easily possible.
- Leaf nodes could accommodate new nodes, thus forming the hierarchical chain.
- Other hierarchical nodes do not get affected if particular nodes fail.
- Easy to debug
Disadvantages:
- A huge length of wires is required to form the hierarchical chain.
- A lot of maintenance is required. Network communication Network communication, defines a set of protocols (that is, rules and standards) that allow application programs to talk with each other without regard to the hardware and operating systems where they are run. It allows application programs to communicate independently of their physical network connections.It helps to avoid bugs,malicious code and set standards so anyone can follow. Network rules Network rules dictate which features can connect or associate in the utility network. These rules are imposed at the dataset level for specific asset groups and asset types. Features can connect and associate as long as feature restrictions are respected and network rules exist to allow such relationships. Bandwidth Bandwidth is closely related to speed; it reflects the amount of internet speed available for you to use. It is essential to meet bandwidth requirements to have optimal internet experience,and information can be transmissted without loss of data
Under circuit switching the call will be provided with consistent bandwidth, channels, and an ongoing data rate. Circuit switching also has the advantage of making sure that data packets are delivered in their correct sequence. The lower level of delay makes sure that data packets are delivered in order so that all the content in the call can be understood. The main advantage that packet switching has over circuit switching is its efficiency. Packets can find their own data paths to their destination address without the need for a dedicated channel. Practical situation for circuit switching is used to sustain telephone systems so that whenever the phone is picked up the conversation can begin.Packet switching can be use for wifi,so it can sustain multiple channels without data loss because packet can be resent.
Task 3
Switches facilitate the sharing of resources by connecting together all the devices, including computers, printers, and servers, in a small business network. Thanks to the switch, these connected devices can share information and talk to each other, regardless of where they are in a building or on a campus. Building a small business network is not possible without switches to tie devices together. A routerconnects multiple switches, and their respective networks, to form an even larger network. These networks may be in a single location or across multiple locations. When building a small business network, you will need one or more routers. In addition to connecting multiple networks together, the router also allows networked devices and multiple users to access the Internet. Ultimately, a router works as a dispatcher, directing traffic and choosing the most efficient route for information, in the form of data packets, to travel across a network. A router connects your business to the world, protects information from security threats, and even decides which devices have priority over others.
A gatewayis a network hardware device (or network node) that connects a
remote network to a host network. The gateway is the entry and exit point—meaning all data must pass through and communicate with the gateway in order to use routing paths. Computers and routers are the most common gateways.
A firewallmonitors incoming and outgoing network traffic. Following pre-set
security rules, a firewall decides whether to allow or block data traffic. It does this by creating a barrier between incoming traffic from external sources (e.g., the internet) and the internal network— thus blocking malicious traffic like viruses and hackers.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol) is a network application protocol that automates the assignment of
IP addresses and network parameters to DHCP-configured network devices (DHCP clients). When a DHCP client connects to a network, it sends a request to obtain an IP address and configuration information from the DHCP server. The DHCP server manages a pool of IP addresses and configuration information such as default gateway, domain name, and DNS server. Depending on the configuration, the DHCP server either assigns or denies an IP address to a client request. It also sends network configuration parameters to the client.
DNSall computers on the Internet, from your smart phone or laptop to the servers
that serve content for massive retail websites, find and communicate with one another by using numbers. These numbers are known as IP addresses. When you open a web browser and go to a website, you don't have to remember and enter a long number. Instead, you can enter a domain name like example.com and still end up in the right place. A DNS service such as Amazon Route 53 is a globally distributed service that translates human readable names like www.example.com into the numeric IP addresses like 192.0.2.1 that computers use to connect to each other. The Internet’s DNS system works much like a phone book by managing the mapping between names and numbers. DNS servers translate requests for names into IP addresses, controlling which server an end user will reach when they type a domain name into their web browser. These requests are called queries.
An understanding of task interdependence helps business owners grasp how different departments and team members rely on the performance of one another. Even if they work independently, there are various consequences (positive or negative) that leaders should be aware of to create the most effective processes. This is the most open type of interdependence. While each business unit completes tasks that are separate from one another, they do offer contributions to the main overall goal. If one department fails, the entire project or goal could also fail. While working independently, team members are still sharing the loose or unstructured responsibility for reaching the goal. Multiple users can be used on a workstation, but concurrent use is limited. A workstation OS is usually designed for use with low-end hardware. The purpose of network operating systems is to provide remote network clients with services. Computer Software And Hardware Interdependent With Each Other Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other in terms of their relationship. Computers can only produce useful outputs when both of them work together. Hardware is required for the use of software. In a software, the user interacts with the hardware in a way that is similar to how they do on a computer. It is not unusual for hardware and software to be interdependent. It is expected that each of them will work together to produce a useful output for the computer. In order for the software to work, there must be a support for any hardware device. When there is no proper instruction, the hardware cannot be used and is useless. It is not possible to do anything without the help of hardware and software. Computers can only produce useful outputs when both of them work together. In a software, the user interacts with the hardware in a way that is similar to how they do on a computer. Computers are ‘hearts’ of their hardware, and their software is their soul. Network Workstation Hardware
This is a high-performance computer system that can be used by one person and has advanced graphics capabilities, a large storage capacity, and a powerful central processing unit. Operating systems such as Windows, which are designed for single-user control of one computer, are not designed to coordinate the activities of multiple computers on a network, such as network operating systems (NOS). Maintaining the smooth operation of the network is the responsibility of the network operating system. Operatingsystems(OS)are basically programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for computer programs. Operating System is a software program that allows a server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions on its own. Computer Hardware And Software Hardware refers to any physical device that is part of your computer, such as the monitor you’re currently using to read this text, and software refers to the codes that are installed on your hard drive. Hardware Communication
