Neuromuscular Coordination, Slides of Kinesiology

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Neuromuscular

coordination

OBJECTIVES

Definitions

Classification

Neuromuscular Re-education

Principles of Re-education

Effects and uses

Effects and uses

Treatment of spasticity and flaccidity

Flaccid paralysis is a lower motor neuron disease

Muscles become flail and weak

Reflexes diminished

Spastic paralysis

Spasticity is a condition in which certain muscles are

continuously contracted. This contraction causes stiffness or

tightness of the muscles and can interfere with normal

movement, speech and gait.

Spasticity is usually caused by damage to the portion of the

brain or spinal cord that controls voluntary movement.

Spastic paralysis is an upper motor neuron disease

Muscles become tight, spastic and hypertonic

Reflexes exaggerate (continuous firing that increases tone)

Difference between spastic

paralysis and flaccid paralysis

FLACCID PARALYSIS

Flaccid paralysis means no nerve supply to

muscles. So they don't act at all. Loose flabby

muscles with no tone. There will fasciculations

which are individual muscles fibers

contractions. There will be severe atrophy of

muscles and later on, muscles are replaced by

fat. Deep tendon reflexes and superficial

reflexes will be absent. If bladder is involved, it

will be overflow incontinence with continuous

dribbling of urine. Kidneys and ureters will

show back pressure changes.

SPASTIC PARALYSIS

Spastic paralysis means uncontrolled activities

of PNS. It manifests as increased tone in limbs

(spasticity), increased deep tendon reflexes or

clonus, absent superficial reflexes, less atrophy

of muscles as there is always some

contractions. If urinary bladder is also

involved, it manifests as repeated bladder

contractions and repeated urination without

much control. But there will be no dribbling

Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary

coordination of muscle movements that can include gait

abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye

movements.