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~1_o_p_i_c_:_E_N_E_R_G_v^ ______^ .....^ l^ l<l.y^ Facts,^ E,cept^ geothe,mal
ene,gy, the^ Sun^ Is^ the^ ultimate^ soucce^ of^ ene,gy.^
CLEAN AIR ACTS
1973: National Amb^ ie^ nt^ Air^ 6 uality^ Stan dards
NAAQS Set6 criteria air^ pol!utants:
Primarypo)lutant:Pollutants being discharged Into the troposphere
(e .g.: CO2,^ NOx,^ 502) 'J"L.~..--..A..^ CO,N0 2
, S0 2 , particulates.Ozone, Lead
Secondarypollutant:Pollutant formed from rxnb/tprimary pollutant and other chemlcals (e.g.
S03, H2S04,^ 0 3)
Greenhouse^ gas:^ Gas that can absorb^ heat^ or infrared^ (e^ .g.CO2,
CH4)
1990^ (S0 2 ca p^ and^ trnde^ program)
Acid rain: Secondary pollutants createdbyS02or^ N02^ S'^ ..s^ 'f',.<r-j^ c^ Q
c,. < cf / ct_JJ,>-u^ s^ l^ 1,-, 0 -
Mercury:^ A^ neurotoxin and teratogen emitted from coal-burning^ power
plants: capableofbioaccumulation and biomagnlfication
WHATYOU^ MUSTKNOW.,.
Put (nota coal)
Llgnh (brown^ coal)
Bituminous^ Coal (1oftco11)
AnlhnlcJte
(hvd coll)
- The pros and cons for each energy sources
- Environmental damages from nonrenewable energy
- Gradesofcoal (!Ignite, subbitumlnous. bituminous, anthracite)
- The ecological damages from^ ANWR^ oil drilllng
- Chinalsthe leading country^ In^ wind power^ and^ hydropower .::^ Inproduction. ..^ - Chinaand the^ U.S.^ have the most coal. ":: ~,^ - CO^2 emission from fossil fuel combustion.
- The structureofnuclear power plant
-p
0=,'~t^ - !!.;._►r•^ a-PreHse:tlll^!^ -~~======:=-==:=:J
L------------,--....;'::"'-.:::::::0-•::::-::::!:"";.:;':-;;;.;.....1^ ~,:~~^ generic structure and parts
ofsteam-powered power
,. -••^ rn,__..^ -•^ -^
........ - -^ Limitationofeach renewable energy source
- The separationofproducts from crude oil through fractional n _^ J.^ ^ dlstll\atlon
NONRENEWABLE^ ENERGY
COAL^ -
ItIsthe most pollutlng fossi l fuel, mostly us^ ed^ for^ electricity. Combustionoffossil fuel releases CO2,^502 (leadingtoacid rain). mercury, and particulates, It istheleading causeofmercury^ in aquatic species. Miningofcoal leads to widespread habitatdestruction and pollution in air and water. Meanwhile, it is abundant^ with^ high^ net energy ratio.
RVE; SAUDI^ ARABIA
There aretwokin^ dsofoil: conventional (Middle East/OPEC)^ and unconve^ nt^ ional (Canada/USA). Conventional Oil:Cheap, fast,^ and efficient^ to^ extract. Unconventional Oil: Costly^ and^ more^ polluting^. Major riskofoil spill,^ Crude^ oil can be refinedtodi^ fferent^ useful products, such as fuel. plastic, vaseline,^ using^ fractional distillation
method.^ However,^ itisexpected^ to^ run^ out^ Within^100 years.
EXTREMELY LONG^ HALF^ LIFE:^ 700K^ years^ half^ life
It Is NOT a fossil^ fuel!^ It^ Is^ considered nonrenewable because there Is
a finite^ amount^ of^ uranlum-235^ on^ earth.^ It^ does^ not^ emit^ CO2^ during
the electricity generati^ on^ process^ but^ it^ requires extensive^ energy^ for
mining. WE DO^ NOT HAVE A LONG^ TERM^ SOLUTION^ FOR^ NUCLEAR
WASTE.
~^ f^ 17^ c;.^ p^ 'P^ ~^ 1'1=:C-S^ f>^ ~
0 --'- u^1 ,_. - Half life definition and calculation from nuclear isotope
\ '::^ •^ e.,^ L..^ - Calculations w/ energy units(BTU.kcal, Joules, etc.)
lo "rv-o \A-"',.}- 0 f^ e^ r...v,^ !I^ 'f^ l^ ~^ -fur^ L...--E_n_e_rgy_e_ff_ic_1e_n_cy_c_a_1c_u_1a_t1o_n_s
___ :::::::::::::::::~
~^ ""~^ --~^ ·~ r.N'"'Ct:A^ .s0r~^ -:fo.,.f _~iii('~~NEWABLE^ ENERGY 1111!1■••••^ •^ TURBINE^11 GENERAT\i!i°- : -^ -^ , ■i►^ ..^ ◄"H\••^ --------^ ----------
- • ■ ■ ■ ••^ -^ POLLUTING^ BEHIND^ THESCENES No CO2 emissi^ on^ during electricity generation.^ But^ proved to^ bee^ mejor^ CO2^ end CH4 emission source from^ decomposrt1on^ ln upstream^ areas.^ It^ leads^ to displacementof people^ upstream^ ofthQ^ reservoir^ and disruptionof^ aquatic ecosystem in the d^ owns^ tr^ ea^ m. Some^ ftsh,^ like^ Salmon.^ woul^ dnotbe^ able to spawn. China has the^ most^ dams^ end^ 1he^ mo'St^ generation capacity fromhydropower.Some dams are built at^ seismic zone, such^ as^ the^ Three^ Gorges^ Dam^ (China).
WIND
r"" ......... ..,_"'^ Ir-------^ -^ - ,
1 _^ TURBINE^11 GENERATOR^1
ONSHORE VS.^ OFFSHORE?
The cleHnest and^ most^ po^ pular^ re^ flewable^ energy. ll could^ lead^ to^ no\se^ polluUon^ but theyare usually^ located^ away^ from urban areas. Onshore^ wind^ turbines^ are^ cheaper but the wlnd speed limits^ Its^ production^ capacity.^ Minimum^ wind^ speed^ for wind turbines to^ operate^ IsIS^ mph.^ Offshore^ turblnas would^ offer^ much better^ capacity due to higher Wind speed^ but they co^ st^ toomuch to build since^ they^1 equlre^ long, water-resistant^ electrtclty^ transmission^ llnas.
SOLAR
~:STEAM-POWERED;--:^ r:^ TURBINE·-::^ c·^ c;ENiiA~~)
ACTIVE^ SOLAR^ &^ PASSIVE^ SOLAR
Active^ solar^ power^ Includes^ photovoltaic^ cells^ (PVCs)^ and^ sleam-generotlng^ power plenl The two mojor^ p^ ro^ blems^ ore^ J1Jthey require^ o^ huge^ amount^ of^ land^ Md^ l2) manufacturing^ of^ the^ PV^ C panels requires^ mi^ ning^ of^ rare^ earth metal. (Consider^ all the ne gatlve lm pocts^ on^ ecosystem^ from^ mining.)^ Passive^ solar^ uses the design on th e building to reduce the^ use^ ofenergy to keep house^ wa^ rm^ In^ winter^ and cool In sum mer. Houses should race^ sou^ th^ (g^ enerolll')^ to receive more sunli^ ght^ In^ winier.
BIOMASS^
BURNING VEGETATIONS^ (e.g.^ TREES)
Burning^ blomus^ Is^ considered^ as^ renewebl e energy sources because^ the vege1atlons absorb^ CO2 from photosynthesis^ and^ the^ sa^ me^ amount^ of^ carbon^ I• being emitted during bumlng. Therefore, the^ net^ cnrbon^ emission^ \s^ considered^ as zero. However,^ burning^ biomass poses^ significant^ hHllh^ risks^ becouse^ the^ regions
where b^ io^ mass Is used^ are^ likely^ llllll!^ and^ Indoor^ •Ir^ pgnμ11gn^ from burning^ w1tl^ be^ a
leading fllctor of^ death.
FuELCELL HYDROGEN; POOR NET ENERGY RATIO
Fuelcell 1, still et^ an^ expenmentaJ^ stage^ because^ the^ net^ energy^ ra\k>^ is^ less^ than^ t
meani^ ng^ that^ there^ is^ anet^ energy^ losstouse su^ ch^ energy.^ 1-\ydro^ gen^ ls^ diff^ icult^ to extract and^ It^ Isnot^ abundant^ (0.^ 00005S%)^ In^ the^ atmosphere.^ The^ sdVantage^ of^ fuel cell^ is^ that^ the^ only^ byproduct^ tor^ "'waste^ ..^ )^ is^ water^ vapor. Itisa^ GHG^ with^ a^ very^ short residence time^ In the^ atmosphere^ when^ co^ mpa;ed^ toCO2.The^ rtsk^ of^ fuel^ cell Inclu^ des^ safetyofthestorage^ device^ dueto^ ~xplos\on^ risk. .,^ r^ ·TURBIN~-!~^ -GENERA~OR^ ~: T10AL/WAVE
SMALL PRODUCTION^ CAPACITY
TldaVwave energy ha^ messes lhe^ consiant^ motion^ of^ water^ \n^ \he^ ocean.^ It^ does^ not •lter land use and only has a minimal^ Im^ pact^ on^ the^ shallow^ seafloor.^ lhe^ Km~t\on^ of
this energy source Is^ tha^ the^ scale^ of^ energy^ production^ Is^ smaU.^ Itwon't^ oo^ able^ to
compete with wind^ or^ solar.^ It^ could be used \o^ provide^ elecl~city^1 n^ remole^ ereos but not larger cities Ol^ suburbs.
GEOTHERMAL
r-- - ------^ ----,^ r---^ -.-^ - -,^ r-^ - ------^ -,
1 _ 51EA~-POWERE^ O^ ,^ 1 •^ TIJRBlNE^ 1 1^ GENllRATM^ _,
ONLY^ AVAILABLE^ INSEISMIC^ ZONES Geothermal power plants can^ be^ built^ at^ seismic^ zones^ where^ energy^ from^ magma can be used^ to^ heat^ water^ to^ produce^ steom.^ Because^ of^ Its^1 oc.otlon,^ earthqu•ke could pose sign\flcant^ risks^ to the^ structure^ ot^ the^ powe1^ planl^ In^ ~ddi\lon. geothermal^ energy^ could lead to^ weter^ pollution^ that^ contaminates^ g1oundwate<^ n.. U.S.^ ls^ currently the^ lead^ ing^ countl'i^ tn^ geot11enna1^ a!Qctrtclty^ genv,ation.
ETHANOL^
IT DEPENDS^ ON^ THE^ SOURCE^ CROP.
lhere are^ different^ crops^ used^ to^ ext•^ act^ ethanol.^ In^ lhe^ U^ ~^ com^ ls^ \JSltO^ b^ ..--■ii extraction while^ Brazil^ uses^ sugarcane^ end^ swttc:hgroa^ Com-~~^ -^ • poor net energy^ rallo,^ slightly^ above^ 1,^ whe<eas^ wgan:•.,.--..^ '<w::dy......S ethenol^ has^ s^ 11et^ en^ ergy^ rallo^ 5-a^ The^ ()loble1Ts^ o{^ US1ng^ earn^ as^ l,,11^ _.^ IA^ ('I It requires the use ol^ fer\lll t ers^ and^ pe!illcldes;^ (l)^ Com^ ti^ a^ ~.:.nl^ ~^ -
(3) There are not many^ vehicles^ lhet^ e11n^ utllle^ ~^ a,.^ fuel
p , ....-To_p_i_c_: W_a_t_e_r _____ __, Most^ ofthe water available is either saline or frozen.^ - Estuaries and wetlands have the^ highest^ averageNPP.openocean has the highestnetNPP. Mangroves can surviveInsaltwater whlle other tree specle:.:s:..c;.;.a_nn_o:....t.- - ------==;""'""'
Cuityral eutrophjcation: Excessive supplyofnutrients by humans leadingtotoxic algal bloom; Usually from inorganic fertilizers. Bloaccymytat)on: The accumulationoffat soluble toxinsInanIndividual's body Blomagnifjcatjon: The amplificationoftoxicconcentration from one trophic level to a higher trophic level
Dissolvedoxygen (DO): Important criterion for aquatic species survival. Pollution and toxi c bloom will drastically decrease DO.
Lifezones: An alogous to blamesInterrestrial ecosystem Phytoplankton: Microscopic plant species (producers) dwelling at the topofwater surface; major contributorofDOInwater Zooplankton: Microscopic herbivores or omnivores
Aquifer: Group water storage; confined & unconfined; Largest: Ogallala Aquifer
Nektons:^ Stronger swimmers (whales, sharks, etc)
Benthos: Bottom dwellers (clams)
COMMON WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
Nitrates(N0 3 -) & Phosphates (PO 43 -) - Inorganic fertilizers
Mercury (Hg)^ - Coal-burning power plants
Crude Oil^ - OIispill from drilling
Mining waste - Coal mine (acidic waste) and metal mine (basic waste)
Warm water^ -^ Heat-producing power plan^ ts^ (coal, gas, geother^ mal)^ ; Thermal Pollution
Drugs and medications^ -^ Failure to be removed from water treatment plan
Invasive species^ -^ Releaseofnonnative species; ex. Zebra musselsInGreat Lakes
Dioxins - a resultofcombustion processes suchaswaste Incineration or burning fuels
DIOXINSISHIGHLY TOXIC! IT CAN CAUSE CANCER,IMMUNESYS DISEASES, ETC.
Ecological Services Water^ Measurements
PRELIMINARY
Screening: removaloflarge solids
PRIMARY I PHYSI ALTREATMENT
m -<
-I
m
:;o
s: en
Climate moderation
Nutrient cycling
Temperature Turbidity
Primary sedimentation: Let most solids settle
Solid^ sludge^ willbe^ dried^ and^ disposed.
Waste treatment
Flood control
Groundwater recharge
Habitats for aqua. & terr. species
Genetic resources and biodiversity
Scientific Information
pH
Dissolved^0 Nitrates Phosphates Fecalcoliform Salinity
CO 2
Saltwater Lffe Zones Freshwater Life Zones
Coastal Zones
Estuaries
SECONDARY I BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Aeration tank: Provide oxygen toletbacteria
remove harmful agents.
Additional sludge will settle and discharged.
Chlorineor ozone^ is^ used^ to^ disinfect^ water.
Wetlands
Lakes
Littoral (near coast)
Limnetic (top & middle)
Profundal
TERTIARY I CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Removal of nitrates^ and^ phosphate
Mangrove Swamps
Intertidal zone
DistributionofEarth'sWater
Olher0 .9%^ Rivers^ 2o/o
A Surface r waler ' 0.3% \
'~
l^ l Earth's water Freshwater^ Fresh surface water (liquid)
USE OF FRESHWATER
70% Agriculture; 20% Industrial;
10% Domestic(Primary use: flushing toilets)
METHODS TO OBTAIN FRESHWATER
Lakes, reservoirs,aquifer & river
Desa\nation(MiddleEast, U.S.,Singapore)
- Reverse osmosisordlstil\atlon
FACTS ABOUT GROUNDWATER
Takeslong time to recharge Withdrawalrate>recharge^ rate Currently cons ideredasnonrenewable Also known as fossil water Susceptibletopollut1onfromfertilizers ,pesticides
IMPACT OF AQUACULTURE
Pollution from feeds and fish species Use of antlb\ot\cs and hormones Crowded space leads to spread of disease Mijjor source. of fish supply from fish farms
CLEAN WATER ACT l1972)
Barrier Islands
Coral Reefs
Benthic (bottom)
Rivers
Source zone (high)
Transition zone Floodplain zone (near SL}
j~~f'}//,;\·J:~;f.'~"j;~{if C· ' • ',t!,~,~IRf'~•-,~t:wr ;~tii{,t,f~'^ ·,:;-~'/,/~'.'^ '<•t:;,
(ft *l~-~i~!:¥:•~,~~ ECIE=l ~2:~t:m l~:i ~ ~}?~;~T .LAKES•*
Focused on re~1ulating c\ischm qes frtin1 tra di tionc1I
point source facilitie s (municipc1I scv1age plants
and industri al facili1ies),^ e.g.^ runofffrom^ streets.
const ru ct ion si tes, farms, etc. This ac_t do es not
deal with groundwater or quantity proble1ns.
Open Ocean
Euphotlc zone (top)
Bathyal zone
Abyssal zone^ (bottom^ )
sEu c,ar 11 la;. 1 111pr,1 11 ruffecy ~ ,,,.,:.··^ =• !,/ rr·,"-'-,,. ..^ ... - •^ [ A lf>.v1f,:,^ .i:: ZEet) r,1 r,1u sse ls ---^ - /\ si ,HI Ca^ 1p
SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT l1974 )
Requires EPA to r egulate po llutants t hat w,11 cau ~e
n0gative public health eff ects. ll^ requlhh pr ote ctio'."I of clri nk ing w at er and its sou rc.es , uc~
as rive r s. lc11<E.•s, reservoir s,^ sp1·lngs,^ ilr:d
groundwater wel:s.
'--~-o_p_i_c_: _e_c_o_L_o_G_v^ _____^ ....^ l^ Key^ Facts,^ The^ 500,;val^ ofthe^ fittest,^ aot^ the^ stroagest
ENDANGEREDSPECIES^ ACTof^1973 (ESA)
ESA helps^ protect^ the^ ecosystemsofendangered
Native species: Speciesthathave^ established stable population dynamics in the habitat.
Nonnativespecies:^ Migrated^ species innewhabitats.^ Maynotsurvive^ if^ theyfail to^ adapt^ or^ become^ invasive with^ no^ predator.
!nyas(ye species: Exist:tli.thQl.ll;thepresenceofnatural^ predator. Population size explodes and invade native species' niche.
Indicatorspecjes:^ Capableofrevealing^ Important^ information^ about^ the^ environment, suchasair/water quality. e.g. birds, fish
Foundationspecies:^ Helpestablish living habitat^ for^ otherspecies. e.g. elephants, corals
~f··~^ plants anc wildlife. The classificationofspecies 'i~'.·. (endangered o r tr1reatened)^ allowsgov'tto
~~'^ develop^ plans for species protection.Itmakes
!.:,l,'..::o .. _'.;.· trncling ,me/ cilpturing^ of^ ihose^ speciP.s^ illegc1I.^ It ·::.. has^ authority^ toseize^ land^ from federalgov'tto
· w ·^ protect endangered/th reatened species.
Keystone^ species^ :^ Exist in small^ quantitybuthave significant Impact on^ the^ healthofanecosystem, primarily population control.
Endemic species^ :^ Specialist species^ that^ are^ found^ in auniquehabitat. Small population. Extremely sensitive to habitat changes.
GeneraUst: Adapt towide^ rangeofliving conditions.^ High^ tolerance on temperature, moisture, pH, etc. Likely tobeinvasive species.
Specialist:^ Adapttospecific living condition.^ Unable^ tosurvive^ when^ conditions are^ changed^. Likely to be threatened/endangered.
Endangeredspecies:^ High^ chanceofspecies extinctionifno^ actions aredone^ toprotect the species.
:f;t:;.^ ___________________^ _
THE CONVENTION^ ON^ INTERNATIONAL
TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD
Threatened spedes:^ Shows a signofpopulation^ decline. Could^ become^ endangeredifno protective actions are^ done
.
K-species:^ Few^ offsprings,lowreproductive^ rate, late reproduction, parental care, larger^ body^ size, die late...L,Qgjfilk population growth.
r-species: High^ reproductive^ rate, lotsofoffsprings, smallerbodysize, early reproduction, die early. Exponential population growth.
Carryingcapacity^ CK):^ The maximum^ population^ allowedby^ the^ available resources at^ the^ habitat. It may vary^ due^ to condition changes.
fntrjnsicrateofincrease:^ The^ maximum^ rateofpopulation increase^ under^ ideal conditions: plentyoffood and mating partners. Biotjcpotentjal: The maximum^ population^ size^ under^ ideal conditions withthemaximum rateofpopulation increase.
Overshoot: Overpopulationofa specieswhenitexceedsthecarrying capacityofthe habitat.
Reproductive^ ~ime^ lag:^ The ti^ me^ between^ overshoot^ and population collapse after population exceeds carrying capacity.
MASSEXTINCTIONS
Massextinction occurs^ when the extinction^ rate exceeds the natura l background extinction^ rate^. There were^ five^ (5)massextinctionsInthepast, most driven byclimate^ change^ due^ to unexpected eve^ nts^ suchasmeteor strike. Sixth Mass Extinction:^ Currentex^ ti^ n^ ct^ ion^ rate isat least 100 -1000x greater^ thanbackground extinction rate. This massextinction is drivenby humanbeings due^ to^ climate change.
SURVIVORSHIP TYPES
% of rrwcimum^ life^ span
TYPE I: Most individuals^ ca^ n survive thro^ ug^ h
the early stage and mature. Late dea^ ths.
TYPE II: Some in dividuals cannot survive
through early and developmental stages.
TYPE Ill: Most individuals may^ not^ survive
through early and developmental stages. Early deaths.
PRIMARY^ &^ SECONDARY^ SUCCESSION
Primary succession:^ Itoccurswhenthereis no existingsoil in the environment.Therocks take long time to becomesoil through weathering and eros ion.Time^ : 500-1000+^ years^. Secondary succession:^ It^ occurswi^ thexisting soil.It often occurs after major environmental catastrophes suchashurricanes,^ wildfires, or human-caused^ events^ suchasminingand deforestati^ on^.^ Time:^ 100-500^ years^.
FOREST PARTS
Emergent layer: Few t ree crowns^ tllilt surpasses the canopylayer.^ Canopy:^ Majority^ of tree^ grow1.^ Understory:^ Below canopy
PROBLEMW/SMALL^ POPULATIONS
Founder Effect:^ LimitedIndividua^ ls^ Ina new colony. The number of^ healthy offspring could be limited du e to the lack of genetic diversity. Genetic Drift: With^ small population. the chance of unique genetic^ tra^ its^ coul^ d^ be^ driven out of^ the gene pool due to limited mates. Demographic^ bottleneck:^ Occurs after catastrophes (natural or human^ made)^.^ Low population size that may not rea^ ch the minimum viable population size could go extinct.
Inbreeding^ :^ High risk^ of^ genetic diseases when
close relatives are mating to produce offspring. Healthy offsprlngs will be limited.
NATURAL^ SELECTIONOVERVIEW
Therearethree Important processesInnatural selection: Genetic Mutation:^ Expected, unplanned genetic changes In theindividual. Adaptation:^ The^ genetic mutation^ mayallow theindividual^ to^ gain^ advantagesongathering food,findingmates,^ andproducing offsprings. Differential Reproduction:^ Individuals will have to compete with other^ peers^ for^ mates. Suc cessful reproduction will allow the genetic traits topassto their offsprings. Note: Thereisno grand scheme of natural selection.^ Species thatfit into the habitat will survive, vice^ versa^.
EVOLUTIONOFSPECIES
An single species may^ evolvetodifferent spec ies through th e following processes^ in order. Two disti^ nc^ tive^ species occurs when their offsprlngs are sterile. Geographic Isolation:^ Population^ of^ a spec^ ies are separated Into different geographical areas and they^ no^ longer interact with^ each^ other. Reproductive isolation:^ The Isolated population^ of^ a^ spec^ ies^ mate exclusively among themsel ves without the Interference^ of^ other population. Over time, the genetic traits will^ be significantly different from other species populations; hence becoming a new species.
FAUNAANDFLORA (CITES)
It^ targets^ the^ trad ingofendangered species worldwide. However,^ CITES^ unintentionally creates black market that makes^ the^ problemworse. Also, theprimary problemofspecies^ extinction^ is habitat^ dest ruction,^ not^ tmding.^ CITES^ also involves politics and corruptions b/t gov't^ s.
CONVENTION^ OF^ BIO. DIVERSITY (CBD)
An^ int'I^ treaty^ that^ aims to^ preserve^ biodiversity worldwide. It sets too many^ goals andthe^ treaty^ is ineffective in executing the^ agendas. The US isnot part ofthe treaty.
MAXIMUMSUSTAINED YIELD (MSV)
An ineffective model^ that^ a^ llo^ ws^ fishing^ industryto enpllire the amount^ offish nea r^ the^ n1r1ximum population. However.^ there^ is^ no^ way^ to tell^ if^ the population^ is^ in^ deed^ at^ its^ maximum^ during^ fishing season, causing t^ he^ overfishing problem.
OPTIMUMSUSTAINED YIELD (OSY)
More effective^ model^ that^ allows fisheries^ to capture^ fish near, but below. t^ he^ maximum population. It avoids^ :he^ overfishing^ problem^ and allows^ young^ fisl1to^ h,we^ la rger^ existing population^ to^ breed^ for^ oflsprings.
INDIVIDUAL TRANSFER^ RIGHTS^ (ITRs)
A quota system^ that^ aims^ to restrain^ the^ no.^ of^ fish catch by fisheries. Tl1e^ quota^ can^ be^ traded^ among fishing companies/individuals.^ A^ problem^ with^ this system^ Is^ that^ smaller^ fisheries^ would^ be^ pushed 0u1 by lrng^ er^ flsherie.;; ,^ lending^ to^ eil11er^ monopoly or 0 1 igo poly. Small fisheries^ that^ are^ bought^ out
may risk^ ~o^ fish^ illegally.
PREDATION & PROTECTION^ STRATEGIES
t
Topic:^ HUMANHEALTH I
KeyFacts:^ Some diseases^ can
be prevented by making better decisions
to^ avoid
risk factors suchasdrug use, alcohol abuse, unsafe sex,
overeating,^ smoking, and
______________
,^ exposure to harmful chemicals. Genetics can play a huge
role on^ human health too.
FACTORS^ AFFECTING^ TRANSMISSION
POVERTY:^ lnclucie;^ r,c^ lack^ of^ reso w^
ccs to :rght^ diseases,
the^ l.:ick^ of^ k11ov1/edge^ :o^ p·even t^ :11.,^ ,preuc/
o'^ 0Iseases
Pathogens:^ viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasitic
worms
Patient^ Zero:^ The^ first patient who Isknown to contract a certain disease. All individual contacted
Patient^ Zeromust^ be^ diagnosed.
Emergent disease:^ Diseases that
arenew or have existed^ previously^ with
a rapid increasing trendinincidence and/or area.
Epidemic:^ Disease thatisaffecting a localized region.
Pandemic:^ Disease^ thatisaffecting^ global
regions.
POPULATIONDENSITY:^ Crowded^ popul ,11ion c.in^ :nctc>l5L'
tile rillc^ of^ d,;casc^ lrc1n,n^ ·i,,^1 on
SANITATION^ Ui,cie,^111 ,1rc,1s^ , ,e^ grc'<ll of b,1cte, .,^ &^ vecro·s.
CLIMATECHANGE:^ Vecor,^ &^ l.J<1Lte'^ ,:1^ rn,:y 1 ive lorrge^1^ Oue^ I v,,1rmcr^ clim,1Ie^ with^ a^ po.e-::acc^ sh,n
Vaccines:^ Dead^ or weakened^ virus
or bacteria thatcan^ allow^ human^ body
to create immunity fromsomediseases
Tlt4NSMISSIBLE^ DISEASES
SARS isa^ viral^ respiratory Illness that^ was^ first
reported^ in
2003.^ ltspreaded^ rapid^ in^ Asian^ countries, kil!lng
hundreds^ ofpeople^ in^ China,^ Hong^ Kong,and
some^ in
Canada.Global^ travel^ makes^ the spread
easier.
TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
TBIs^ a^ bacterial^ disease.^ Jt^ affects^ hJngs and f>Osslbly
other^ parts^ of^ the^ boc:ty,^ It^ ccin^ sptead
through air through
coughs,^ snee-zes.^ AIDS^ patfents^ can^ die
from TS^ easily.
HEPATITIS-
Hepatltfs-8^ ca/1be1ransmltt'edthrough^ sex, needles,
and
birth^ from^ mother.^ Th~r~^ IS.^ f'..Ocure for^ lh/s dfseose. Newborn babies^ can^ be^ ltacr;inated^ to prevent
<ontractlon^ of^ Hepatltls.S.
Major seasonal^ vrral^ dlse11sethat^ c1m^ be^ transmitted
for air and^ exchange^ of^ body^ fluid.^ The^ virus changes every
year.Flu^ can^ be prevent^ byvaccines.^ It^ could potentially
become pandemicasInSpanishFlu^ In^ 1918.
EBOLA
There^ is^ no^ known^ cure or vaccine to
Ebola. Ithas
extremely^ high^ death^ rate^ and^ It^ canbe^
transmitted easily by^ close contact Countries^ affected; Guinea, Liberia,^ Sierra^ Leone, Congo^ (all^ ln^ Africa).
HIV/AIDS
HIV^ can^ be^ transmittedthrough^ se,<,shared
needles,^ and birth.^ Infants^ with^ HIV^ have^ sho(t^ llfespan
(< 40 yrsj.^ HN
has long^ lncub'atlon^ tim-nd^ eventually^ a~ck
and
destroy^ the patient's^ Immune^ system,^ causing
AIDS.
OTHER^ DISEASES
These^ diseases^ Include^ malaria,^ dengue
fever,WestNIie
virus, Zlka^ virus.^ Mosquitoes^ are^ known^ vectors to spread these^ diseases.^ Eliminate^ standing^ water
to suppress
mosquito population.
ASTHMA
Asthma^ Is^ known to^ affect^ infants,^ children,^ and elders^ in areas^ where poflutlonIs^ a^ major environmental problem.
It does^ not^ transmit^ to^ other^ people.
OBESITY-RELATED DISEASES
Diabetes,^ cardiovascular^ diseases,^ andcertain
types^ of
cancers,^ including^ colon^ cancer,^ breast cancer.^ The^ U.S. and Mexico^ are^ the^ top^ two^ obese^ coontrles In the^ world. These diseases^ put^ heavy^ burden^ to^ the^ medical system^.
DEADLIESTDISEASES
IN^ THE^ USA
1. Heart^ Dis^ ease
2. Cancer
3.^ Unintentional injuries
4.^ Chronic^ lower
respiratory diseases
5. Stroke
6. Al^ zheimer^ disease
7.^ Diabetes
8.^ Flu^ &^ Pneumonia
9.^ Kidney disease
10. Suicide
I^ I
Key Facts:^ Most wildfires are caused by humans.
Climate^ change^ will^ increase the
1,.ri_o_p_ic:w,L_D_F,_R_E_s^ _______
occurrenceoflarge^ scale^ wildfire because
ofdrought.
OURUNDERSTANDING^ OF^ WILDF'IRE
EARLYSTAGE:^ Before^ the^ fuli^ unde^ rstanding ofwildtirۥ,^ i,^ WilS th ought that^ any wildfireisbad^ for^ t^ he^ env;ronn1ent. It led to^ a period of wildfire^ sup^ pression.^ This^ resu lted ir,^ more inte^ nse wildfirethat puzzled scientists. Prescribed^ fire:^ Controlled burn
to remove^ excess fuel^ on^ forest floor^ and control pest population
near the^ trees^.
Surlace^ fire:^ Only the leave fitter
and some dead plants^ are burned.^ Small
scale^ and^ easy^ to^ pu^ tout.
Ground^ tire:^ More extensive^ than surface
fire. Harder^ to^ put^ out because the moisture
level^ is^ low,^ often^ during^ drought.
Crown^ fire:^ Tree^ crowns^ Inthe^ canopy
layer^ is^ burnt. Due^ to^ convection
ofair, it^ can^ spread^ very^ quickly.
Leaye^ litter:^ It^ is^ a^ fuel^ for wildfire.^ It^ needs to
be eliminated^ by^ prescribed fire^ during late winter
or early spring^ season.
Mechanism^ ofCrown^ Fire
Oxygen-rfch^ arr^ rs^ sucked^ rrrto^ the
burning^ 1/te^ due^ to^ convection.
Oxygen-^ poor^ airrises,creating^ an^ updraft of^ air that drives^ the^ convectionof^ air^ at^ the scene.
. ~^.^ ·•.^.^ ·~'.·^.^ \iJ , ·~·
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. ·..r}..^ ".,^ .....^ ..... '"·"^ '"^ ·^ ~,...^..
;^ iii.^ iii '
DISCOVERY^ :^ It^ was^ later^ d•scovered^ t^ hat^ fire isessential^ for some tr^ ee^ species.^ ".'hey^ rely^ on^ fire^ to eliminate^ weeds^ and pes ts th^ at^ coulc^ liarm^ the^ trees·^ SJ1vival.^ Some tree species have^ deve^ l^ oped^ adaptations^ for^ occ11sional files.^ Some^ s8eds eun only^ germinate^ n'ter^ modcrutc^ burn^ near t11cground.
Wildfire can^ be difficu ll to^ con^ t^ rol^ and^ put^ ou t when there^ are too^ m;iny^ le;ive^ litters^ remil ined^ on^ tne fores t floor.^ Th^ is^ ,s^ 1,hy we established^ pr^ csrnbcd^ f^ re^ to^ 'C^ ciuce^ 'uc- fo1 wilc1f^ Ic^.
Most^ of^ the large scale wildfire are caused^ by^ humans^.^ With
climate change,^ more^ areas
suffer from drought,^ Increasing the chance^ of^ Inte^ nse^ wildfire
Slogan:^ "ONLY^ YOU^ CAN
PREVENT^ WILDARE."
-------~-.....,.~....-c,cf7],-----------------~----------------,......----
\
Topic: FOOD/AGRO^ \Key^ Facts:The^ currentindustrial^ agricultural^ practiceisunsustainableintermsof energyuse,wateruse,landuse,and^ chemical^ use. L-------------- Organ lc fertilizer: Made fromcompost^ and/orcowmanure. Nutrients can^ slowly^ release^ to^ soil^ for^ plant absorption. inorganicfertlUzer:^ Made^ from chemicalsthat^ can^ easily dissolve in water. Nutrientsnotabsorbedbyplants can pollutant water. 1st Green revolution:^ Industrializationoffarming practicebyutilizing heavy machineries. Increasesthe^ useoffossil fuel.
2nd Greenrevolution:^ Innovationofgenetic^ engineeringthatcan^ modify^ cropstobe resistant^ to^ drought,^ flooding, diseases, etc.
Traditionalsubsistence^ farming:^ Small scale farming in rural areasthataimstoprovide^ crops^ for^ farmingtobeself-sufficient Traditional Intensivefarming:^ Moderate^ scale farmingthataims^ to^ provide^ crops^ for^ farmerstosellforsmall^ profit Soll erosion: Lossoftopsoil and nutrients^ by^ exposureofsoiltosunlighVwater/wlnd. Decreased^ crop^ productionor^ cropfallure.
No-till farming: Conservation farming practicethatreducesthedisruptionoftopsoil.^ Coveredbydead^ organic^ matter^ to^ protectsoil.
SoilsaUnization: Accumulationofminerals/salts from excessive irrigation.
FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND
RODENTICIDE^ ACT^ (FIFRA)
Focu sed on^ riro•Jtding^ federal^ contro^ l of pest^ cide clistr1but1on, Sille. and use.^ EPA^ was^ given^ au\ho11ty to " tudy the consequences^ of^ pesticides^ usage
ard^ requ ire users^ to^ re(Jister^ pest1c1des^ purchases.
MACRONUTRIENTS - LARGE QUANTITY
Carbohydrates, proteins, and^ fats
MICRONUTRIENTS^ ••^ SMALL^ QUANTITY
0\11/er
Feedlot:^ A.k.a.^ Concentrated animalfeeding^ operation^ (CAFO); Unsustainable practiceoflivestock farming.Itrequires intensive useof fossil fuel, water, and, sometimes,^ hormones^ and antibiotics.Itleads^ to^ majorwaterpollution problemfromsurface^ runoff.
Aquaculture:^ As^ global^ fish^ stockcollapses,morefish are^ farmed^ from^ cages^ in thewaterto^ provide^ sufficient^ supply^ for^ global
market. It causeswaterpollutionproblemsas feeds, feces, pollutants, and diseases easily^ spread^ in the water.
Vitamin A (blindness)
Vitamin D (Rickets)
Iron (anemia)
COMMERCIALFISHING^ METHODS
t
\ onaJ
Notable Inorganic Fertilizers
Nitrates^ Phosphates
SUMMARYOFPESTICIDES
First-generation pesticides:^ Highly toxic
com pounds^ suchasarsenic, mercury, and lead that cannot be broken down because they areelements.
Second-generation pesticides:^ Synthetic organic
co mpounds s^ uchasDDT.It^ Is harmful becau^ se(1)Itis a bro ad spectrum pesticide, meaning that itistoxic to a widerangeofpests;^ (2)^ Itispersistent,i.e. does not breakdown In long time;(3)ItIsfat-soluble,I.e.^ It^ can bioaccumulate and biomagnify.
Monsanto, GMOs^ &^ glyphosate:^ Monsanto
developed and modified soybean seeds that can resist the applicationofglyphosate (key Ingredient in Roundups). It dominates the soybean market. Fr equent, repeated usageofglyphosate (or any pesticides) will lead to chemical and genetic resistance, causing the rise^ of^ superweed. Glyphosate is proven to be carcinogenic and Monsanto^ is^ ordered to pay millions^ of^ compensations to the victims.
Rachel Carson:^ A^ biologist who wrote the^ book
Silent^ Sp^ ri^ ng to raise public awareness^ on^ the uncontrolled use of pesticide that led to the death^ of fish and birds.
Chemical treadmill:^ Farmers who have been using
pesticid es to tr^ eat pests is fo rced to use more pesticides or more powerful pesticides^ In^ order to suppress pest problems. It's a financial problem too.
Bottom trawling: Fishing^ boat^ dragging^ large fishing nets
near the bottom of the ocean^ floor.^ It^ resultsInlarge^ fish^ catch andalso bycatch. It severely destroys the habitats of the ocean^ floor,^ includi^ ng^ corals.
Purse seine: Fish in^ g boat captures a small areaoffish by
circulating the fish with nets and then pullingallthe fish out of water. Relatively smaller amountofbycatch.
Sulfates Longllning: A single long line with hooks thatmayresult In
large numberofbycatch. The line and hookscanget stuck by rocksor corals, becoming harmful trash.
Gillnettlng:^ Stationary net wi^ th^ hooks that would capture the
fish. Because the net is often invisible by fish, the hooked fish at the net may attract other fish to swim to the net, Increasing fishery yield
Physical Control: Highly toxic compounds^ suchas
arsenic, mercury, and lead that cannot be broken down because they are elements.
Biological Control:^ Synthetic organic compounds
suchasDDT.Itisharmful because(1)It^ isa broad spectrum pesticide, meaning that itIstoxic^ to^ a wide range of pests; (2) Itispersistent,^ i.e.^ does not breakdown In long time ;(3)ItIsfat-soluble,^ i.e.^ it^ can bioaccumulate and blomagnlfy.
Chemical Control:^ Monsanto developed and
modified soybean seeds that can resist the application ofglyphosate (key IngredientIn^ Roundupll>).^ It dominates the soybean market. Frequent, repeated usageofglyphosate (o r any pesticides) will^ le^ ad to chemical resistance, causing the rise of superweed. Glyphosate is proven to be carcinogenic and Monsanto is ordered to pay millions^ of^ compensations to the victims
WATER^ IRRIGATION^ METHODS
Drip irrigation:^ Directly deliver^ wa^ ter to plant
roots and/or soil surface to reduce evaporation. Itcanreduce water usage by^80 %^ and increase crop yields.
Drought-tolerant crops: This kind^ of^ crop can
reduce the consumption^ of^ water.
Irrigation scheduling: Integrati ng water
sensors and weather forecast to determine the amount of and times to irrigate can reduce overconsumptionofwater.
Windbreaks: Planting 1 to 2 stands of trees
arc;,und a farm can reduce evaporation rate and soil erosion by wind.
Conservation tillage or no-till farming:
Using minima! to no-till practice can Increase soil's ability to retain moisture. Cover crops can reduce exposure to sunlight and wind and, thus, reducing loss of water from evaporation.
Honey bee population is colla psing worldwide. Th is phenomenonIsknownas^ Colony Collapse
Disorder^ (CCD).^ There are a few reasons that
lead to CCD. Pesticide/Neonicotinoid: It is a known pesticide
that will attack honey bees' neurological system,
causing honey beestolose their^ ability^ to navigate back to their beehives. It has already been banned In the European Union. TheUS, however, still allows the use of neonicot\no\d. ParaslteNarroa^ Mite^ :^ This mite spreads globally due to the global pol\inatlon operation.^ Honey bees are shippedtodifferent continents^ to pollinate crops. Varroa mite can live Inside the bee's body and eventually klll the^ bees^. Use of chemicals to eradicate the mites isnotan^ Ideal option becauseitmay lead^ to^ chemical resistance by the mite.^ CIH!vo\utlon^ would be^ a better strategy to let bees to fight^ off the mites.
GMOs: 1he change o! genetics in crops is
affecting the chemistry of honey^ bee^ s'diet
Invasive species/Zombie^ fly.^ Zombie^ tty^ Is^ a
natural pre dator of fire ants. It Is introduced^ es
I I
I
The United States^ Is^ known^ for^ corn farming^ In^ the High Plains. The area ls suitable^ for^ corn farming because
of the climate and the abundance^ of^ groundwater from the^ Ogallala^ Aquifer,^ which results In drastic
depletion of^ the Aquifer. Corn farmers are subsidized^ by^ the^ government. This allows corns^ to^ be^ sold^ at^ a price^ below^ cost. This^ Is^ the^ reason that corn^ Is^ used to make animal^ feeds^ for^ livestocks, which allows the meat price to be cheap. Fast food restaurants can sell^ meat^ products cheap for this reason. In add1tlonal,
corn Is used for the extraction of ethanol, despite the^ energy^ yield ratio^ Is^ barely over^ 1.
the biological control^ of^ the lire ants l n^ \he^ US.^ It
Is known that the fly can attack^ honey^ bees^ es^ It
does to fire ants.^ It^ h^ ig^ hl\ghts^ the^ che\leoge^ of
biological control on Invasive spcdc-..
Topic: GEOLOGY /MINING^ I^ Key^ Facts:^ Mining^ involvestheexplorationand^ extractionofnonrenewable
________________^ _.^ materials.Miningactivitiescanpolluteairandwaterandrequiresuseoffossil^ fuel.
Subduction: A denser tectonicplate1ssubmergedunderneath^ anotherless-dense^ tectonicplate. Earth earthquakes can^ occur.^ I
Hot spot: Hot^ magma^ int^ rudesthroughth^ e^ crust^ ,forming^ volcanic^ i^ slands^. Example: Hawaii^ &^ Yellowstonevolcano.
Igneo us rock: Rocksformedby lava (on earth's surface)ormagma(belowearth's surface).
Se dimentary rock:^ Rocksformed^ byw e^ athe^ ringand/orerosion^ (bywind,water,and/oracid)ofIgneousormetamorphic^ rocks.^ •
Metamorphic rock: Ro c ksformedbyheat^ and^ p ressu rebelow^ theearth's surface. Usually found^ nearconvergentplateboundary.
Richter Scale:^ A^ loganthmlcsca^ lethat^ descri^ besthe^ magnitude^ ofan earthquakeevent.Ex.^ M^ 8.0Is10xstronger than^ M^ 7.0 and100x
strongerthan M 6.0. Interms of^ energy released^ In an^ earthqua^ ke event,each Integer difference^30 x.M^ 8.0^ earthquake^ releases30xmore
energyt han M 7.0 and^900 xmore e^ ne^ rgythan^ M^ 9.0. Earthquakewith a^ M^ 6.0 orhigherIsconsidered^ as an major eart^ hquake^.
Focus:^ Lo^ cationofan earthquake event.Shallowe^ arthqu^ ake is <^70 kmfrom^ thesurface;deepearthq^ uakeis >^300 km^ be^ lowsurface.
Epicenter: The surface p erpendicular^ abovethefocus.
Tsu nami : Gig anticoceanwavesca used by th edisp^ lace^ mentofwater. Recent events:^2011 Tohoku (Japan),^2004 Suma tra (Indonesia)
~ : Waste soiland^ rock^ removedduri^ ng^ surface min ing.^ Ganaye:^ undes^ ired,^ waste^ materials in an^ ore^.
Tailings: Leftover, us eless materi alsfrom minin^ g; usually mixed w ith^ waste^ water.
· ~ : Low-grnde: or0s arc^ widely^ available,^ butit^ requires^ great^ 11mount^ of
' energy to extrvct and refine>. H ig h-grnde ores are limited^ vnd^ d1ff1cult to^ loci1te
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY^ COESTRUCTIVEl
Two tectonic plates moving toward^ each other,^ often^ creating catastrophicearth^ quakes.
(Recent^2011 Japan Tohoku^ M^ 9. 0^ earthquake)^ Two^ possible features^ can^ format this type
ofboundary.^ Mountain range^ (left picture): The less-dense continental plateisbeing
push up. Exam ple: The Himalayas formedbythe collision and pushingofIndian and
Eurasian plates. Trench (right): The denser oceanic plate^ is^ subducted and pushes the
continental plate down. The meltingofboth plates will lead to formatio nofvolca no^ es^ and
volcanic eruption. Example: Mariana Trench^ (near the Philippines.)
DIVERGENT PLATE^ BOUNDARY
Two tectonic plates moving aw ay from each
other. New surface is formed. MIi^ d
earthquake may occur. Exa mple: Mid
Atlantic Rld~e.
TRANSFORMFAULT
Two tectonic plates moving^ In^ oppo^ si^ te
direction, parallel from each other. Major
earthqu ake can occur^ if^ the plates f^ al^ l^ to
move. Example: San And r ea s Fault.
Mantle
Silicate content;
•'The^ upper^ mantle Is more^ ductlle^ when comparetothe lower mantle. Hence. itmay lead toa mlsconception that the mantle ts In liquid 'itate.^ It^ l'i^ so^ li^ d.
Outer Core
Rich in Fe. Ni & S;
Mn
InnerCore
Ric h in Fe, Ni & S;
Co Cr
SEISMIC WAVES
P^ {primary)^ Wave^ :^ Longitudi^ nal^ w ave^ --^ the
particles'vib ration Is parallel^ to^ the
movement^ of^ the wav^ e.^ It can penet rate
through solid and liquid.
S (secondary) Wave : transverse^ wiJve^ -
the particles' vibration Is^ perpendicular^ to
the movementofthe wave. It can only
penetrate t hrough solid (crust and mantle).
Surface wave: rotational wave..Thls ls th e
wave that we can feel dur ing an
earthquake event.
The^ differenceIn^ P^ and S^ waves^ allows
geologists to understand the physical
properties^ (solid^ vs^. liquid)^ of^ inner earth
layers.
MA JOR
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
MININGMETHODS
Open-pit mining: Cheapestandsafest^ mining^ method.^ It
devastates largeareaof land^ byremovingtreesand
natural habitats.
Strip mining:^ More eco-friendly but^ cost^ ly because
smallerareasof landarebeing mi^ ned^.
Contour mining:^ More^ eco-frlendly butcostly.Mining Is
done along thesameheight of a mounta in.
Mountaintop removal:^ Devastating to natural^ hab^ itatand
ecosystem, especially when mountainshavegreat
biodive rsity^ due tothe diversity of climateand
ecosystems.Example: West Virginia
THE GENERALMININGLAW OF 1872
Outdated •n1ning lawtolet^ mining^ company^ to buy^ land
at a cheap price to develop tne^ We5t.^ It becomes a
loophole to acquire valuablEe lund^ che.:ip
SURFACEMININGCONTROL
ANDRECLAMATION ACT (SMCRA)
This was passed in 1977 due tomining^ occurring
without the clisrcgardofthe cnvirnnmcnt.^ This
program paid forthec l ean ing of abandonedmin^ es
tohelp^ the^ environment.SMC^ RA^ requires^ that
compnnieso^ btains^ permits.^ gi^ ves^ g overnment
acthority^ toregulate^ andinspectminingsites.and
prol11bils m ining on^ certa^ in^ lands^ such^ as^ nat^ ional
parks.
CERCLA(1980). also knownas^ Superf^ und^ ,
established prohibitions and requirements
concerning closedand^ ab,mdoned^ haz^ a^ rdous
waste^ sites:^ p rovidedfor^ liability^ of^ persons
respons 1 b':e^ f^ or^ releases^ o fhazardous^ wasteat
these sites; und establisheda trust funclto^ provide
for cleanup when nor es^ ponsible^ party^ could^ be
identified.^ It^ hastworesponse^ acti^ ons:^ Short-term
removals^ (urgent)^ c:mcl^ Long^ -t^ er^ m remedial
response ac tions (not inmedi ately life
thre atening).
RCRA (1976)^ is^ cre^ at^ ed^ by^ theEPAto^ il^ l^11 1<11','iJ"'
ard regulc1te solid^ w<1ste:^ (2)^ nd^ ~c19~^ ,md^1^ ~~:u^1 dt\
t1arn rctou s w asle; anct^ \3}^ prn^ :Pc^ l^ g1011rrh..-.-t,'^1
from und erg round st ornc;i"^ t:r'""^ ,.,,^ n^ :i,^ l'l^ .-^ ..^ ~
w a st e stor <1ge tc1diti es 1. It also^ ,,^ ,n,;^ tc^ ,'l'^ -'^ '·^ <'^ '^ -~
fln10Ullt of solicl^ und^ 1c1Zc1'^ ,lou~^ ,-.^ ,,~\•.'
,ne oros,:,^11 v--:^ ,__ 0 ,,p_s^ no,11^ ..^ -
Topic: CLIMATECHANGE
I Key Facts: Climate changeiscaused by anthropogenic emissionofCO^2.^ Temperature has been
steadi ly increasing.The risi^ ngCO 2 concentration and temperatureiscausing various disasters.
ULTIMATE CAUSEOF
CLIMATECHANGE
~: Reflectivity ofobject
CFCs
"O.JfC:~ ~ ~
Keetjnq Curve: CO2 graphatMaunaLoa,Hawaii
ieg;: IntergovernmentalPanelonClimate^ Change
CFCs: Chlorofluorocarbons;ledto ozonedepletion
HCFCs:^ Hydrochlorofluorocarbons; replacedCFCs^ J()tlc.u1tu1(•.^ lll'lthlCJ^ pcr miJ'fO':,t^ fcrtli^ 7CIS.^ CJ•~-^ d~fv, cst.:'.^ on^ ~1l'reis-01.^ rd
rlric1J ,t~
PRIMARY^ IMPACT^ FROMCO2INCREASE
RISE IN GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
Because CO 2 is a GHG,^ it^ absorbs thermal radiation (infrared)
and makes the climate warmer. With removaloftrees, we are
putting more CO 2 intheatmosphere.
w (/) <t w a:: u z N 0 u ~ 0
a:: u. I-
~ ~
a:: <t C z 0 u ,.,, w
MELTING ICE EVERYWHERE
Ice sheets from Greenland and Antarctic have been
melting at unprecedented rate in the previous
decades. Ice extent at the Arctic continues to shrink
over the years. It will affect^ the^ thermohalin e
circulation.which redistribute heat.^ WITH^ LESS ICE
ON SURFACE, MORE HEAT WILL BE ABSORBED BY
LAND OR WATER, CAUSING FURTHER HEATING.
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
These events include droughts, precipitations (rain or
snow), tornadoes, l1urricanes, and l1eat^ waves.
According to IPCC, the U.S. will have more severe
drought India with stronger monsoon. The intensity^ of
hurricane will increase (not tile number^ of^ hurricanes).
SEA LEVEL RISING
Two causesofincreasing ocean volume:(1)More ice
melt (freshwater) from glaciers and ice sheets;^ (2)
Expansionofsea water from warmer ocean. Rising sea
level will jeopardize coastal ecosystems, countries,
and cities that are near or below sea levels.
INCREASE IN METHANE (CH4)^ EMISSION
Lots of CH4 stored under^ permafrosts and^ at^ deep
ocean due to decomposition.^ When^ melting
permafrosts^ and^ warmer^ ocean^ ,^ CH4^ is released into
the atmosphere^.^ ' '^ CH4^ is^ a^ GHG and it is^ 30x^ mo^ re
powerful in absorbi ng heat compared^ to^ co^ ,:·•
ACIDIFICATIONOFOCEAN
With more^ CO^2 in the atmosphere, it disrupts the
balance between oc~an and CO 2. More^ CO^2 will
. dissolve into the ocean, forming carbonic^ a<.:id^ (H^2 C0 3 ) ,
c:making "''."'· ' the, .ocean more acidic.. ~· ., •·
CORAL!REEF. Bl!EACt;UNGf~ Cor ,0(),microorganiS!_nS^ a,nq n ·~r~ w1i11't'.l,o
,......,.....,...,.^ ,^ tne^ microb,,.,, _ _ ....^ ~^ i,..,;;;.
,fi'eft,.^ n(bleachin
,. e death of
DISRUPTING SEASONAL PATTERNS
Winter becomes shorter.^ Spring comes earlier.^ Summer
gets longer. We notice the changeofseasonal patterns
by observing indicator species such as migratory birds
and trees that lose their^ leaves^ for^ winter.^ Thls^ will
cause major impactofthebalanceoffoodchain and
species population.
Warm er temperature w illput stresses^ on^ native.
endem ic species th at^ hnve^ c1^ n,irrow^ rnnge^ ol
lolernnce. More^ c1dc1pl ive^ i1wc1sive^ s^ pec^ ies^ could
thre t1ten tile populution^ of^ nnlive^ species.^ Populution^ of
vectors, such <1s mosquitoes^ and^ ticks. will^ i11crE-c1se
Pxporn=•nliully (r-spPciPs).^ This^ will l1e^ lp^ clisenses^ lik e
Lym e disea se. mc1lmic1,^ West^ NilP^ Viru s.
WILDFIRE: FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY
Witl1 mor e clrought and hi gher^ temper^ ature,^ mor^ e
forest trees nnd^ species^ are^ expected^ to^ rem^ oved^ trom
v,ildfire s. In tl1e U.S. there are^ more^ intense^ wildfires^ in
California, Colorado,^ Washington^ State^ in^ the^ past^ yrs.
It is important to understand that thereIs^ a^ build-in delay on^ climate^ change^ and also sea level rise.^ It^ may^ take years to see the full ImpactofIncreasingCO
concentrationandtemperature.
MONTREAL^ PROTOCOL^ (1987)
Int '\ agreement that phased out t^ he^ p^ ro^ duction of
CFCsand^ HCFCs. Both will^ cause^ the depletion of
ozone.
KYOTO PROTOCOL {1997)
lnl'I agreement^ that^ aimed^ to^ cut down
GHGs/carbon _emission. Nations set target for
GHGs reduction^ suchas:^ CO 2.^ CH4,^ N, O.^ SFG.
HFCs and^ PFCs.^ Major countries who did not sign
the agreement:^ U.S.A.^ and^ Canada^ (withdrawn in
.. ' ..
The Accord^ aims^ to respond to the global climate
change threat by keeping a global temperature
rise this century well below^ 2"C^ above
pre-industnal lev els and to pursue efforts to limit
the temperature increase evenfurther to^ 1.S'C.
Despite President Trump's opinion against the
Accord, the earliestwithdrawal date is Nov^2020.
Atmospheric^ CO 2 at^ MaunaLoa^ Obseivatory
400 Scripps lrnUtullon 01 Oceanography NOAA Eerlh $>/Siem Research ~ralory
-^ ;,t
1960 19'ro 1980 1980 2000 2010 IDIG YEAR
2019/04 col READING:^413 ppm
J
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t
sl ~ j ,
Topic: Toxicity^ and^ Waste
1 ; ..:~^ :^ •^ .,^. :.'.'The^ dose^ makesthe^ poi~^ ""-,;,·· ·^ ,. .... , ,.^ on.^ -^ Sumnia,y^ of^ ck^1 s5l^ c tox1 ,;olc,gy rnaxim.
..
0 Estimated Decomposition^ Rate " 0
io Paper Leaves^ Orangepeel^ Milk^ carton
Pla•tl< beg
!;t!~al^ do.se-50):^ the^ dosage^ ~fa^ toxin^ it^ takes^ to^ kill 50% ofthe population
.^ ...^ ..,...a,:,IJ~_:,i:^ __^ !f...1:es.:vies^ •^ .i..l^ dosage^ level that^ begins^ to^ show^ negative
effects
Threshold^ tox,a:^ a toxinthatshows anealive ff
Non-thresholdtox'1n·^ t^.^ g^ aectonly
after a certain (threshold) dosage; e.g. oxygen, water -- •
I
-^
=-==-=--====~=~·^ a^ oxIn that shows a linear^ direct res t •^.
Carcinogens:^ chemicals^ th^ t^.^.^
. .ponseo^ toxin^ with^ dosage exposure; e.g. Lead(Pb),benzene M.^ a^ can cause cancer, e.g.^ Nicotine.^ asbestos. formaldehyde, radon-
- utagens.^ chemicalsthatleads^ to^ DNA^ mutations; e.g. Bromine, benzene Teratogens:^ chemicalsthatcause birth defects; e.g. Mercury (Hg) Persistent Organic Pollutants^ fPOPs)·
A t^ ff t·^.^.^ powerful^ toxins^ that
are known to bloaccumulate^ and^ biomagnlfy;e.g.DDT,DOE,PCBs,dioxins,^ furans
cu^ e^ e^ ec^.^ physIologlcaIeffectfrom^ short^ exposure^ to^
high levelsoftoxin
2-4 Weeks 1-3 Months^ 3-6 Months^ S Years^ 10- Years
Alum. Can^ Plastic Pkg Ring Plastic^ Bottle^ Gl^ ass^ Bott.l e^ Styrofoam
I^
•^
J
I
I
\I
Chroniceffect:^ physiological^ effect^ from long-term exposure tolow levelsoftoxin
200-400^ Years^ 400-500^ Yea^ rs^ 400-500^ Yea"^ SOO+^ Year& Nev er
Common Water Pollutants and Their Sources
Nitrates (NO^3^ -)^ &^ Phosphates (PO 4
(^3) -) - Inorgan ic fertilizers
Mercury (Hg)^ -^ Coal-burningpowerplants DDT -^ pesticides^ that^ were^ used in agriculture;^ banned^ in the U.S. in
BPA^ -^ actas^ an^ endocrine^ disruptor^ that behaves like estrogen atlow doses.
DDT, DOE, PCBs^ -^ endocrine^ disruptor^ that affects thyroid hormones Crude Oil^ -^ Oil^ spill from drilli^ ng Mining^ waste^ -^ Coal mine (acidic waste) and metal mine (basic waste)
MTBE^ -^ Methyl^ tertiary-butyl^ ether;a stabilizing additive^ used for gasoline. Carcinogen.
Warm^ water^ -^ Heat^ -produci^ ngpower plants (coal, gas, geothermal); Thermal Pollution
Drugs and medications^ -^ Failure^ to^ be^ removed^ from^ water treatment plan
Invasive species^ -^ Releaseofnonnative species; ex. Zebra mussels inGreat Lakes
Dioxins^ -^ a resultofcombustion^ processes such^ as^ waste Incineration or^ burning fuels "DI OXINS IS HIGHLY TOXIC! IT CAN CAUSE CANCER,IMMUNESYS DISEASES, ETC.•
l
i
100 %
f50'l
'li
J
Dose Response Curve
LO..,
0% +--=?",;::::;;._.....,.~^ .........^ --...--
/ (^15 ) Thrcsl1olr.t^510 -----=L"';;."'''----oos.^ c_mg/k^ o>^ ________
Toxicologic.il^ synergy^ C0m1J,~'lt^ on^ 0·^ ·r,,^ ,,.^ 11,^1
qr<c-iltly nniplifv^ .)r^ r"clu~,,.^ th"^ 1<1rT1ft.l^ "t:.-.-·,^ ..,^ q
C1on11un· - copper^ -^ t?<t^ :•n•el)^ 'et^ ·al'
Ol-t-1:1-,w1111=ml11■
13% of ifr~h'.I INCINERATION
~ 33%,of ,Trastlll,
RECYCLING
Sanitary landfill (Modern)
- Covered^ by^ clay and so/I dallyto^ prevent odore mi ssion^ and^ lined^ with^ multi^ ple^ layer^ s ofsynthetic finer^ to^ prevent^ leachate contamination^ to^ sur^ r^ ound^ i^ ng^ environment
- Built^ with^ methane^ &^ leachate^ collection Open dump (Old)
- Strongodor,^ methane^ pollution,^ leachate
contamination,^ pest^ problem
ItIsgreat...
- The heat^ released can^ be^ used for electricity^ generatlon.
- It takes much less space than landfill.
It is horrible...
- The emissi^ on^ from^ burning^ Includes^ CO, particulates,^ toxic^ ash,^ heavy^ metals
ItIseffective^ ...
- It reduces the demandofraw materials. -^ It reduces the demandoflandfill.
- It Is a sustainable useofmaterials.
Itisnot effective^ ...
- Trash contamination In recyclables requires additional cost^ for^ manual removal.
- The operating^ costIsstil l^ high^ unless there is government^ financial assistance.
REUSE REOUC£
RECYa.E
ORIGINS^ OF^ WASTE
75% Mining and^ oil/gas^ production;
13%^ Agriculture:^ 9.5%^ Industry;
1.5% Municipal;^ 1%^ Sewcige^ sludge
DRAWBACKSOFUSINGLOSO
- Data are from usually^ from^ mice testing. It maynotbe accurate^ to^ humans.
- Genetic difference isnotbeing^ accounted for.
- Restrictedtoorally administered^ toxins
- Organisms with a larger^ body^ mass^ tendtohave^ a
higher tolerance.^ Ml~^ may^ not^ give^ accurute^ reference
to humans.
. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Incineration^ (generate electricity)^^0
Landfill^ •
Toxic Substances Control^ Act (1976)
If th., EPA^ finds^ ,my^ of^ these^ chem,cdls^ th^ r€eaten1ny^ to the^ envi1onment^ or^ a^ human-health^ hazard.^ they^ can^ b,in the ch.,m1euls^ fro^111 being^ man.1foc\ured^ or^ imported^ into the United^ States.
STOCKHOLM CONVENTION (2001)
In 200 1.^ c.oun :^11 es^ f(Jl^ eed^ to^ ,.,duce^01 ehmma^ te^ the procluct1on,^ use^ ..11cl or^ releose^ at^12 k ey^ rors HnwevPr,^ due^ t o^ tt1P1^1 pe^ ,~^ l<;,e,,ce.^ tll''^ nP~J;itr,E'^ r1p^ ,,c·^ nl POP s 1 s still^ cn^ us^ ng^ deall^ '5^ wo,luw^ de
Hazardous Materials^ Transportation^ Act^ r7S)
The H,12,udous^ Mate'1L1ls^ Tr,111,ptd,1I^ on^ /,ct^ t''^ l~l7~ (HMTA) (!fllfh,1\er,•d^ :11,·-^ Sccr•:^ i1r1^ nf^ lnn·.-"•'r:.-t,,•'^ 1- d esitp^ 1i1te^ ""^ h,i.,11uou·-^ ·,1,^ 11;,, .,^ .,^ 1v^ ,,.,^ I^ '' or fo• m " of r^111 1{^ 1t^ e11<^11 !IL^ r^ "1:111^ p,^ ·^ l^ .1·^ (^1) t 1 "
nsl,^ t,,^ IK J^ lll1^ J·,d^ ·,^ ~-l''.,^ u,^ 1.
