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NR283 patho exam 1 study guide, Exams of Nursing

Chamberlain College of NursingNursing

NR283 patho exam 1 study guide Lecture notes Pathophysiology (NR-283) Nursing (BSN)Nursing (BSc)Nursing (BSN) Chamberlain University 8 pages 2023/2024

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 04/04/2024

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NR283 patho exam 1 study guide
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1. Apoptosis is preprogrammed cell death
2. A secondary = dead cells, liquefy bcE. coli infection causes liquefication necrosis
of persistent E. coli infections
3. Ischemia: deficit of oxygen in the cells
4. Hypoxia develops with pneumonia
โ—‹ as individuals develop pneumonia, pneumonia triggers a pathological response
and inflammation in the airway= see a decrease or impaired oxygen diffusion in
the alveoli in the lungs
5. Lifespan of with apoptosisplatelets is7-10 days
6. Alpha-fetoprotein that occurs in a fetus can lead to immature lung development
7. Amniocentesis
โ—‹In utero testing for abnormalities or genetic disorders where a small amount of
amniotic fluid is withdrawn, including some sloughed fetal cells, from the uterus
after 14 weeks. Common test for down syndrome.
8. Symptoms of down syndrome:
โ—‹ Characteristics:
โ–  Small head, round face
โ–  Flat nose and facial profile
โ–  Slanted eyes and epicanthic fold
โ–  Large protruding tongue, high-arched palate
โ–  Small hands, single palmar crease
โ–  Small low set ears
โ–  Short neck and stature
โ–  Poor Muscles tone (hypotonic); loose joints
โ–  Cognitive impairment ranges from mild to major
โ–  Delayed or incomplete sexual development
โ— Males infertile
โ— Females have lower rate of conception
9. Huntingtonโ€™s disease
โ—‹autosomal dominant disorder: Only one parent allele present is needed to
cause the disorder to occur = each child has a of inheriting the50% chance
disease if a parent carries the chromosome
โ—‹Symptoms:
โ–  Mood swings and personality changes
โ–  Restlessness and choreiform (rapid, jerky) movements in the arms and
face
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  1. Apoptosis is preprogrammed cell death
  2. A secondary E. coli infection causes liquefication necrosis= dead cells, liquefy bc of persistent E. coli infections
  3. Ischemia: deficit of oxygen in the cells
  4. Hypoxia develops with pneumonia โ—‹ as individuals develop pneumonia, pneumonia triggers a pathological response and inflammation in the airway= see a decrease or impaired oxygen diffusion in the alveoli in the lungs
  5. Lifespan of platelets with apoptosisis 7-10 days
  6. Alpha-fetoprotein that occurs in a fetus can lead to immature lung development
  7. Amniocentesis โ—‹ In utero testing for abnormalities or genetic disorders where a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn, including some sloughed fetal cells, from the uterus after 14 weeks. Common test for down syndrome.
  8. Symptoms of down syndrome: โ—‹ Characteristics: โ–  Small head, round face โ–  Flat nose and facial profile โ–  Slanted eyes and epicanthic fold โ–  Large protruding tongue, high-arched palate โ–  Small hands, single palmar crease โ–  Small low set ears โ–  Short neck and stature โ–  Poor Muscles tone (hypotonic); loose joints โ–  Cognitive impairment ranges from mild to major โ–  Delayed or incomplete sexual development โ— Males infertile โ— Females have lower rate of conception
  9. Huntingtonโ€™s disease โ—‹ autosomal dominant disorder: Only one parent allele present is needed to cause the disorder to occur = each child has a 50% chanceof inheriting the disease if a parent carries the chromosome โ—‹ Symptoms: โ–  Mood swings and personality changes โ–  Restlessness and choreiform (rapid, jerky) movements in the arms and face

โ–  Possibly early indications of intellectual impairment, such as difficulty learning new information, loss of problem-solving skills, poor judgment, inability to concentrate, and memory lapses โ—‹ With progressive degeneration, the following symptoms will occur: โ–  Rigidity and akinesia, making any movement difficult โ–  Personality changes โ–  Moodiness โ–  Behavioral disturbances that become more marked as dementia progresses

  1. Histamine can cause itching and urticaria (hives) 1 1. If someone has an allergy, they can experience urticaria (hives) and itching and rashes
  2. Psoriasis โ—‹ Chronic inflammatory skin disorder-onset often occurs in teenage years โ— Results from abnormal increase in T cell activation โ— signs/symptoms:
  1. Inflammation โ—‹ When inflammation is caused by an allergy or a burn, microbes are usually not present unless the burn results in an open lesion, which can then be invaded by microorganisms and cause infection. โ—‹ pain, redness, swelling, warmth
  2. Infection Clinical manifestations โ—‹ Local signs of infection โ–  Initial signs of infection โ–  Inflammation- pain, redness, swelling, warmth โ–  Bacterial: purulent exudate โ–  Viral: serous, clear exudate โ–  Use of oral antibiotics to treat โ—‹ Systemic signs of infection โ–  Infection has spread through the lymph system and blood- now affecting other organs โ–  Concerning when it becomes systemic=more serious issue โ–  Fever โ–  Fatigue and weakness โ–  Headache โ–  Nausea โ–  No appetite โ–  Difficulty urinating โ–  Use of IV antibiotics to treat
  3. Incubation period of an infection= from the time when the body is exposed to an organism, to when we start to see symptoms
  4. Elderly clients are more at risk for infection= They tend to haveatherosclerosis development and impaired circulation
  5. Ways to prevent infection โ—‹ Hand hygiene โ—‹ covering your mouth when you cough (blocking bodyโ€™s portal of exit) โ—‹ sources of infection must be located and removed โ—‹ increasing host resistance thru immunizations โ—‹ using proper precautions for droplet/aerosol/vector-borne transmission โ—‹ Antiseptics โ—‹ autoclaving โ—‹ sterilization โ—‹ disinfecting
  1. Secondary infections= we have a skin rash, or periodic lesion, we scratch it, and develop secondary infections from scratching the wound= increases inflammation and bacteria grows
  2. When infection is present, we perform cultures and staining to identify the type of bacteria causing the infectionto better direct the treatment
  3. Infections caused by staphylococcus aureus (staph) = cellulitis, impetigo, furuncles (boils)
  4. Types of immunity โ— Active = your body created antibodies, integration of memory cells and lymphocytes react to build immunity and combat the illness โ—‹ Natural active- pathogens enter body and cause illness; antibodies form in host โ–  Ex: coming into contact with a person who has chicken pox โ—‹ Artificial active- vaccine (live or attenuated organisms) created and injected into individuals. No illness results. โ–  Ex: person gets measles vaccine and gains immunity โ— Passive= someone/something else made the antibodies and gave them to you- your body does not create antibodies- no memory โ—‹ Natural passive- antibodies passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection โ–  Ex: placenta passage during pregnancy or ingestion of breast milk โ—‹ Artificial passive- antibodies injected into individual (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or minimize severity of infection โ–  Ex: IV antibiotics, gammaglobulin if recent exposure to microbe
  5. Difference between Primary and secondary immune response โ—‹ Primary immune response occurs in a person is exposed to an antigen, and during that exposure, the antigen is recognized and we develop antibodies โ—‹ Secondary immune response occurs when we have repeated exposure to the same antigen and develop more antibodies each time weโ€™re exposed= faster reaction to antigen

โ—‹ demyelination-damage to the protective covering (myelin sheath) surrounding nerve fiber causing nerve impulses slow or even stop, resulting in neurological problems

37. Substance Abuse

โ—‹ Recognizing substance abuse is difficult because the pattern of consumption can vary โ—‹ Effects: โ–  Overdose/abuse is more likely bc accurate dosages and directions of street drugs are not known. โ–  Withdrawal โ–  Cardiovascular Problems: stimulants cause irregular heartbeat and increased blood pressure โ–  Infection: common from needle sharing โ–  Effects on Pregnancy: The pattern of neglect of health and nutrition established in the female substance abuser usually continues during pregnancy, creating serious prenatal concerns for both the woman and her fetus. Many women who are abusing substances do not seek prenatal care because of fear of detection or lack of funds. They often are admitted to the hospital in labor with no prior history of care and generally have a higher risk of perinatal complications โ–  Neurologic/Psychological Effects: Bad trips cause risk of suicide, increased BP, possible cardiac arrest

  1. Ways to cope with stress โ—‹ Use relaxation techniques โ—‹ eat a healthy diet โ—‹ exercise regularly โ—‹ ensure adequate rest
  2. Manifestations of severe stress โ—‹ Renal failure โ—‹ headache โ—‹ infection โ—‹ stress ulcers
  3. Increased intracranial pressure= increases fluid or mass in the brain causing pressure to rise
  4. Manifestations of transient ischemic attack (temporary reduction of blood flow in the brain) โ—‹ Signs are directly related to the location of the ischemia. โ—‹ The patient remains conscious. โ—‹ Intermittent short episodes of impaired function:

โ–  muscle weakness in an arm or leg โ–  visual disturbances โ–  numbness โ–  paresthesia in the face (tingling or pricking) โ–  Transient aphasia or confusion

  1. Signs and symptoms of a stroke โ—‹ Unusual dizziness โ—‹ Temporary loss of speech โ—‹ Sudden weakness on one side of the body โ—‹ Facial droopiness
  2. Aphasia โ—‹ inability to express or understand language