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Patho Exam 2 study guide
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-Arteries transport blood away from the heart. arterioles The are smaller and control the
amount of blood flowing into capillaries through vasoconstriction or dilation.
-Veins return blood back to the heart. venules The conduct blood from the capillary beds
toward the heart.
-Systemic Circulation= exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste in tissues.
-Pulmonary circulation= gas exchange in lungs.
-The WALLS of ARTERIES and VEINS are made of three layers: Tunica intima (endothelial
layer/inner layer), Tunic media (smooth muscle/middle), and Tunica adventitia (outer CT
layer/elastic/collagen fibers).
-Blood pH is stable at 7.35-7.45.
-RBC=Erythrocytes. Life span of 120 days. Biconcave, no nucleus when mature, globin
portion and heme group.
-Erythropoietin= from kidneys and it simulates RBC production in red bone marrow.
-Anemia causes a reduction in oxygen transport. Hemoglobin deficit. Fainting, chest pain,
angina, and heart attack=SEVERE.
- Pernicious Anemia(megaloblasts/short lifespan) has a lack of intrinsic factors. B12
deficiency. S/S neuropathy, depression, joint pain, dementia, Babinski reflex, hair loss,
lethargic, anorexia, constipation and diarrhea.
-Aplastic Anemia has malfunctioning bone marrow. LOW levels of RBC, WBC, platelets.
Possible causes are hep c, genetic, radiation, chemo drugs. Excessive bleeding and
infections.
-Hypochromic Anemia is from iron deficiency. Women more affected. Manifestations=
pallor, glossitis, PICA cravings, Angular cheilitis (cracks around mount), soft nails
(koilonychias), SOB from tachycardia/pena, restless leg syndrome.
-Secondary Anemia is from bleeding, leukemia, cancer, or CKD.
-Genetic factor Anemia from Sickle cell or spheroidal.
-Erythroblastosis Fetalis (hemolytic) Anemia is from destruction by antibodies.
-HYPOvolemic Anemia from a decrease in circulating blood volume and less RBCS.
Tachycardia, low bp. Treat by replacing lost RBCs by transfusion
-Hemostasis= stop bleeding. Three steps: decrease blood flow by vasoconstriction, if BV
is small it can form a platelet plug, and blood-clotting or coagulation g in larger vessels
POLYCYTHEMIA: A increase of blood cells from overproduction by the bone marrow. S/S:
distended BV, cyanotic and plethoric, increase in bp, dyspnea, hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly, hypertrophied heart, headaches, visual disturbances. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
TREATMENT: Drugs or radiation to suppress, periodic phlebotomy to minimize
hemorrhages.
Polycythemia vera(primary): Neoplastic disorder. Common at 40-60 years old.
Hemorrhage is frequent in places where the blood vessels (BV) are distended.
Potassium is intracellular and should be living inside the cell/
Extracellular is blood, CSF, ISF, IVF, and transcellular fluid.
I and O: we want water balance, fluid entering should equal when going out.
-Fluid balance is maintained from hormones released. Osmoreceptors (thirst/need
water/hypothalamus), ADH from hypothalamus reabsorbs water from the kidney tubules,
Aldosterone reabsorption of sodium and water, ANP & T-type peptide are synthesized
from myocardial cells and regulate fluid Na and K levels.
