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NSG550 STUDY GUIDE 2026 MASTER
SOLUTION DIGEST
◉low c-peptide levels indicate. Answer: not enough insulin type 1 ◉Diabetes Autoantibody Panel. Answer: type 1 diabetes ◉HGB A1C levels indicating diabetes. Answer: above 6.5%=diabetic 5.7-6.5%=prediabetic fasting glucose >126=diabetic plasma glucose >200mg for regular glucose check=diabetic ◉diabetes diagnoses. Answer: must use more than one test hgba1c not always available ◉Glucose (postprandial). Answer: after meal to determine insulin usage
◉Insulin assay. Answer: assess beta cell function ◉lactic acid. Answer: Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity. ◉elevated lactate. Answer: insufficient perfusion and O2 delivery shock anemia heart failure liver disease kidney CAN BE ELEVATED IN EXERCISE ◉high osmolality. Answer: concentrated fluid/too little water, dehydration CVA DI hypernatremia ◉Prolactin. Answer: stimulates milk production
◉high testosterone in females. Answer: PCOS, ovarian cancer, adrenal or pituitary disorder ◉high testosterone in men. Answer: testicular tumor, steroid use, adrenal disorder ◉TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Answer: Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones ◉hypothyroid labs. Answer: High TSH, low T3 and T ◉High T4. Answer: hyperthyroidism ◉Low TSH Low T4. Answer: secondary hypothyroidism (pituitary failure) ◉low TSH, high T3, T4. Answer: primary hyperthyroidism ◉thyroid ultrasound. Answer: measures thyroid gland, can show if lump is solid or fluid goiter lump ordered if elevated tsh t
can get biopsy if needed ◉Microalbuminuria. Answer: presence of very small quantities of albumin in urine that cannot be detected by conventional urine testing diabetic nephropathy ◉creatinine. Answer: nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine removed by the kidneys Gold standard for renal function Removed ENTIRELY by kidneys ◉BUN. Answer: 10-20 mg/dL waste removed entirely by the kidneys ◉creatinine clearance. Answer: measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood
- cost effective method for measurement of renal function ◉Strep penumoniae. Answer: antigen test in the urine used to detect gram pos strep in cases of CAP
◉FENA. Answer: Gives indication of tubular resorptive capabilities for sodium and the GFR. FENa<1%: PRERENAL azotemia FENa>1%: renal azotemia (from tubular injury causing inability of tubules to resorb sodium), ATN Greater than 4 = post renal obstruction ◉normal urinalysis results. Answer: Color: pale yellow Turbidity: clear Odor: faint odor of ammonia Specific Gravity: 1.005 - 1. Osmolality: 250- 900 pH: 4.5 - 8 Protein: 2-8mg Glucose: negative Ketones: negative Bilirubin: negative RBCs: 0- 4 WBCs: 0- 5 Casts: few or none Bacteria: less than 1000 colonies
◉nitrites on urinalysis. Answer: detects nitrites produced by nitrate reducing uropathogens (E.coli); test sensitivity is very low, but specificity is high ◉Urine osmolality. Answer: 200 to 800 mOsm/kg high indicates SIADH, dehydration and causes hypernatremia ◉low urine osmolality. Answer: dilute urine DI, ATN, excessive fluid intake ◉Calcium regulation. Answer: most abundant mineral
- regulated by PTH
- VD, acid, and lactose aid absorption
- calcitonin lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption ◉CT without contrast. Answer: gold standard for flank pain, part of stone protocol ◉Gold standard for reproductive organs. Answer: Ultrasounds ◉Urine Creatinine. Answer: test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
◉basophils. Answer: A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine. ◉Cold Aggultinin. Answer: type of antibody that the immune system makes to fight infection but can cause anemia when targets the RBCs ◉ss-c antibody. Answer: ◉C-reactive protein (CRP). Answer: blood test used to measure the level of inflammation in the body; may indicate conditions that lead to cardiovascular disease can look at chronic or acute ◉ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Answer: The rate in which it takes for RBC's to settle off in an unclotted tube. Normal rate is 1 ml in 5 min. falls faster with inflammation ◉HIV RNA quantification (HIV viral load test). Answer: Determines viral load before beginning treatment Can be repeated at intervals to monitor disease progression, identify compliance with treatment and determine HIV medication resistance
◉rheumatoid factor test. Answer: serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis MOST SPECIFIC ◉bone scan. Answer: A test that detects areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism; test is performed to identify abnormal processes involving the bone such as tumor, infection, or fracture. ◉bone turnover markers. Answer: identify significant improvement in few months after starting therapy (3-6 months) in osteoporosis patients; determine effectiveness of therapy; n-telopeptide and c- telopeptide are protein fragments in bloodstream and excreted in urine during bone breakdown ◉arthroscopy. Answer: the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint ◉Bands. Answer: immature neutrophils released after injury or inflammation, ACUTE RESPONSE ◉B cell lymphocytes. Answer: mature into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
◉IgA. Answer: specific to respiratory and digestive tract ◉ccp antibodies. Answer: A CCP antibody test is used to help diagnose or rule out rheumatoid arthritis. It's often done along with or after a rheumatoid factor (RF) test. Rheumatoid factors are another type of autoantibody. RF tests used to be the main test to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis ◉ELISA test. Answer: Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay, diagnose HIV RAPID
