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NU606 EXAMINATION 2026 VERIFIED
SOLUTION COMPENDIUM
◉What type of imbalance can hyperventilation lead to and how?. Answer: Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis. Pt is breathing off CO2, the body tries to compensate and the kidneys conserve H+ ions and eliminate HCO3 in alkaline urine; carbon dioxide deficit. Alkalosis increases binding of extracellular calcium to albumin, reducing ionized calcium levels. As a result, neuromuscular excitability increases, and manifestations similar to hypocalcemia develop. Low carbon dioxide levels in the blood cause vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels, increasing the neurologic manifestations of the disorder. The kidneys compensate by eliminating bicarbonate to restore the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid. The bicarbonate level is lower than normal in chronic respiratory alkalosis, and the pH may be close to the normal range. ◉What is parathyroid hormone? What happens when it increases? Decreases?. Answer: When calcium levels in your blood fall too low, your parathyroid glands secrete enough PTH to restore the balance. PTH raises calcium levels by releasing calcium from your bones and increasing the amount of calcium absorbed from your small intestine.
a. Increases: leads to hypercalcemia: decreased neuroexcitability, apathy, fatigue, personality change, muscle weakness, decreased tone, forceful cardiac contraction, arrhythmias, bradycardia, hypertension, kidneys: polyuria, thirst, renal insufficiency, renal calculi. Decreased peristalsis, constipation, nausea, osteoporosis, fractures. Decreases: hypocalcemia: increased neuroexcitability, tingling in fingers and around mouth, hyperactive reflexes, muscle spasms, tetany, weak cardiac muscle contraction, arrhythmias, hypotension, increased peristalsis, diarrhea, ◉How does cocaine impact pregnancy. Answer: It can cause hypertensive response, interrupts blood flow to placenta. Premature birth, low birth weight, and respiratory issues for infant Premature delivery typically associated with the placental abruption, Bad nutrition and restricted growth, Long term changes in verbal reasoning, Attention deficit disorder ◉What does dry gangrene look like and present like?. Answer: Skin is hard, black or purplish, may be pale and either numb or painful. Caused by coagulation necrosis that eventually shrinks and blackens the site. ◉What are risk factors for cancer?. Answer: Genetic: oncogene that regulate all growth, Viruses: oncogenic viruses alter host cell DNA, Radiation: ultraviolet rays (sun, x-rays, gamma rays, and radioactive chemicals cause cumulative chromosomal damage in cells,
- FDA post-market drug safety monitoring ◉Explain the transmission patters for X linked recessive disorders? Autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive?. Answer: X-linked recessive: alleles for disorder carried on x chromosome. Although recessive, occur in heterozygous males who lack the matching normal gene on the Y chromosome. Females are carriers when they are heterozygous. Mother carrier and normal father = 50% normal and 50% affected. Autosomal Dominant: Presence of defect in only one allele produces clinical expression = 50% affected with normal and affected parent. No carriers only affected. (example: Huntington's, Marfan, adult polycystic kidney disease). Autosomal recessive: need to inherit defect from both parents (homozygous) to express. 25% affected, 50% carriers, 25% normal. ◉Where are acupoints typically located?. Answer: lie in the tendon and muscular region deep below the skin surface; ; 1-2 mm for ears and face, up to 3 in. For heavily muscled areas. ◉What is milk-alkali syndrome and what electrolyte imbalance can result. Answer: Associated with increased milk and antacid intake, which may also elevate serum calcium levels, hypercalcemia. (metabolic alkalosis) ◉What is meant by synergistic effects of drugs? Antagonistic effects of drugs?. Answer: Synergism means that the effect of the combination may be increased much more than expected.
Synergistic can be life threatening causing hemorrhage or coma. Antagonism means greatly decreased An interaction between two or more drugs that causes the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug. A synergistic effect can be beneficial or harmful. Antagonistic effects of drugs? An interaction between two or more drugs that have opposite effects on the body. Drug antagonism may block or reduce the effectiveness of one or more of the drugs ◉What are the benefits of palliative treatment?. Answer: Intended to reduce the manifestation and complications related to the cancer and to prolong life. Ex: decreasing size of tumor may lesson pressure on nerve, relieving pain, or reduce pressure on esophagus. Symptom management. Palliative care reduces manifestations and complications of illness and can prolong life. Puts patient's desire and goals first, Helps patients and families understand treatment plans, pain and symptom control, improves quality of life, less unnecessary hospital visits. ◉Why do infants have a higher need for water in the body? (Not referring to feeding and infant water, but body composition.). Answer: The bodies of infants and young children contain more water (75%) than those of adults and are more vulnerable to dehydration(1). They have a larger surface area in relation to weight (surface-to-volume ratio) than do adult bodies, which allows for greater water loss through the skin.
◉What are different things that can impact serum potassium levels in the body?. Answer: Food, insulin, acid-base balance, medications such as diuretics, excessive losses from the body due to diarrhea, presence of excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoid in the body decreased dietary intake from alcoholism. Eating disorders, or starvation ◉What are local effects of an expanding tumor mass?. Answer: Pain (late stages), obstruction, tissue necrosis and ulceration. ◉What is the most common tumor suppressor gene defect?. Answer: The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells involves P53. More than half of all types of human tumors lack functional P53, which inhibits cell cycling. Rb, DC, and APC are not the most common tumor-suppressor gene defects identified in cancer cells. ◉What are warning signs for cancer?. Answer: 1. Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body, 2. Change in bowel or bladder habits (prolonged diarrhea or discomfort), 3. a change in a wart or mole, 4. a sore that does not heal, 5. Unexplained weight loss, 5. Anemia or low hemoglobin and persistent fatigue, 7. Persistent cough or hoarseness without reason. 8. A solid lump, often painless, in the breast or testes or anywhere in the body.
◉What does the TORCH acronym stand for?. Answer: Acronym applied to routine prenatal screening tests for high-risk maternal infections: Toxoplasmosis, Other (hepatitis B, mumps, rubeola, varicella, gonorrhea, syphilis), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes ◉What is ultrasound used for in pregnancy?. Answer: Used to view and measure the fetus. Observing development of fetal organs, placental placement, and maternal organs. ◉What are the different ways the body compensates for acid/base imbalances? Which ones are most effective? Fastest? Slowest?. Answer: 1. The body compensates by the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system a. The buffer pairs circulating in the blood respond to pH changes immediately. The respiratory system can alter carbon dioxide levels by changes the respiratory rate. The kidneys can modify the excretion rate of acids and the production and absorption of bicarbonate ion i. Fastest: respiratory rate change ii. Slowest: kidneys compensating. They are slow but are the most effective because they can excrete all types of acids (volatile or gaseous and nonvolatile) and can also adjust serum bicarbonate levels. ◉What are the different types of necrosis?. Answer: Liquefaction (dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes; ex:
can only remove carbon dioxide, not other acids, nor can they produce bicarbonate, therefore a treatment such as dialysis is needed 4) decompensated metabolic acidosis, may develop when an additional factor interferes with compensation (a person with severe diarrhea may become so dehydrated that the kidneys receive little blood and cannot function adequately, causing decompensation. Same is seen in cardiac arrest) c. Respiratory alkalosis: hyperventilation, caused by anxiety, high fever, or an overdose of aspirin. Head injuries or brain stem tumors may lead to hyperventilation. Stress related may develop rapidly d. Metabolic alkalosis: loss of hyd ◉What is meant by toxic effects of a drug?. Answer: Toxic effect is simply an effect that is harmful to a biologic system. The study of toxicity includes physicochemical properties, routes and rates of administration, rates of absorption, biotransformation, and excretion. Specific determination of drug toxicity is based on comparisons with other drugs to measure relative safety levels. ◉How can calcium levels lead to tetany in the body?. Answer: The increase in the permeability and excitability of nerve membranes leads to spontaneous stimulation of skeletal muscle. Tetany is skeletal muscle spasms causing prolonged contraction and/or cramps ◉What indicates development of pregnancy induced hypertension?. Answer: Refers to a state of persistently elevated BP more than
140/90 that develops after 20 weeks of gestation and returns to normal after delivery. Specific cause not determined although numerous risk factors have been identified. If not controlled, can lead to damaged blood vessels in tissues such as the kidneys and retina of the eye or to stroke or heart failure. Decreased blood flow to the uterus may cause premature degeneration of the placenta and presents a risk to the fetus. Low dose aspirin as treatment is being investigated. ◉What are common causes of hyponatremia?. Answer: Direct loss of sodium from the body or from an excess of water in the extracellular compartment. Common causes are 1. Losses from excessive sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea 2. Use of certain diuretic drugs combined with low-salt diets, 3. Hormonal imbalances such as insufficient aldosterone, adrenal insufficiency, and excess ADH secretion (SIADH or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion), 4. Early chronic renal failure, 5. Excessive water intake ◉What is a complication of abruptio placenta that is indicated by low levels of serum clotting factors?. Answer: DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation ◉What are the components of a medical history?. Answer: Current and prior illnesses, allergies, hospitalizations, and treatment. Current health: specific difficulties and any type or therapy or drugs,
- hypotonic muscles, loose joints, cervical abnormalities, instability and short stature sexual development often delayed or incomplete ◉What is meant by an iatrogenic disease?. Answer: 1. A treatment, procedure, or an errors that may cause disease. Ex: bladder infection after catheterization or bone marrow damage caused by a prescribed drug. ◉What two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?. Answer: Hydrogen and bicarbonate ◉What is pectus excavatum?. Answer: Caving near the sternum; symptom of marfan syndrome. Congenital deformity of chest wall causes several ribs and breastbone to grow inwards
