NUR1114 Exam Study Guide

Origin - Answer the fixed point of muscle attachment (i.e., bone does not move when the

muscle contracts)

Insertion - Answer moveable point of muscle attachment (i.e., bone moves when the

muscle contracts)

Axial skeleton - Answer Longitudinal axis of the body- includes bones of the skull,

vertebral column and rib cage

Appendicular skeleton - Answer Includes bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs shoulder

girdles, pelvic girdle

Long bones - Answer Long slender bones, have a shaft (diaphysis) & bone end

(epiphysis)

Short bones - Answer Small cube shaped bones & patella = sesamoid bone

Flat bones - Answer Thin, flat and often curved bones

Irregular bones - Answer Complex shaped bones

Osteoprogenitors - Answer stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Osteoblasts - Answer bone "building" cells - produce & secrete & collagen fibers &

ground substance (matrix)

Osteoclasts - Answer bone "resorbing" cells that break down the matrix and release

stored minerals

Osteocytes - Answer mature bone cells that maintain the matrix

Compact bone - Answer Osseous tissue arranged into osteons & consists of- central

canal, concentric circles and osteocytes

Spongy bone - Answer Osseous tissue is arranged into an irregular lattice of thin

needle-like structures called trabeculae

Osteon - Answer Consists of central canal- blood vessels & nerves, concentric circles of

matrix and osteocytes

Trabeculae - Answer Orientated to resist forces from all directions and transfer weight

without breaking

Periosteum - Answer Outer connective tissue membrane

Endosteum - Answer Internal connective tissue membrane

Medullar cavity - Answer Contains bone marrow- makes blood cells and stores fat