Download Final Exam | HUM 1114 - HUM: Classical and more Quizzes Humanities in PDF only on Docsity!
Thirty Tyrants
The Thirty Tyrants were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens after its defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. Contemporary Athenians referred to them simply as "the oligarchy" or "the Thirty" (); the expression "Thirty Tyrants" is due to later historians. Its two leading members were Critias and Theramenes. TERM 2
Critias
DEFINITION 2 An ancient Athenian member of the Thirty Tyrants. He was Plato's uncle and an associate of Socrates. He wrote several tragedies and plays that he was popular for.Died in battle near Piraeus, which ended the rule of the 30. TERM 3
Socrates
DEFINITION 3 Famous philosopher known for the Socratic method and dealing with ethics.Lived during a time when Athens was taken by Sparta. Known for inciting the Athenians into action, this was his downfall, and he was executed by drinking hemlock. TERM 4
Alcibiades
DEFINITION 4 Prominent statesmen that defected from Athens during the Peloppenisian wars to Sparta. The Sicilian Expedition was his idea, but he didn't lead it. Led to the undoing of Athens, and eventually returned to Athens. TERM 5
Trial of Socrates
DEFINITION 5 The Trial of Socrates refers to the trial and the subsequent execution of the classical Athenian philosopher Socrates in 399 BC. Was charged with failing to believe the Gods and attempting to bring new Gods to the city. A majority voted against him.Accounts imply that Socrates was ready to die, that he specifically urged on the Athenians to vote against him, as he was the gadfly of the Athenian people.
Apologia
The term apologetics etymologically derives from the Classical Greek wordapologia. In the Classical Greek legal system two key technical terms were employed: the prosecution delivered thekategoria(), and the defendant replied with anapologia. To deliver anapologiameant making a formal speech or giving an explanation to reply and rebut the charges, as in the case of Socrates' defense.Apologetics is the discipline of defending a position (often religious) through the systematic use of information. TERM 7
Corinthian War
DEFINITION 7 The Corinthian War was an ancient Greek conflict lasting from 395 BC until 387 BC, pitting Sparta against a coalition of four allied states; Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos; which were initially backed by Persia. Corinth and Thebes join with Athens.Death of Lysander, the Persian Navy, the long walls are rebuilt, and Athens is forced into a truce with Artaxerxes. TERM 8
Mothakes
DEFINITION 8 Children of Spartan fathers and helot mothers. TERM 9
neodamodeis
DEFINITION 9 helot fighters that were freedThe Neodamodes were Helots freed after passing a time of service as hoplites in the Spartan Army. TERM 10
Peltast
DEFINITION 10 A peltast was a type of light infantry in Ancient Greece who often served as skirmishers.
Pelopidas
Pelopidas (died 364 BC) was an important Theban statesman and general in Greece. TERM 17
Sacred Band of Thebes
DEFINITION 17 The Sacred Band of Thebes was (according to some ancient sources) a troop of picked soldiers, consisting of 150 pederastic (age-structured) male couples which formed the elite force of the Theban army in the 4th century BC. TERM 18
Plato
DEFINITION 18 Plato (; Greek: , Pltn, "broad"; 424/423 BC - 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Boy loved him some Socrates.He was an aristocrat. TERM 19
Plato's Republic
DEFINITION 19 The Republic is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition of justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just man. TERM 20
Plato's Theory of
Forms
DEFINITION 20 Plato's theory of Forms or theory of Ideas asserts that non- material abstract forms (or ideas), and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality.
Ring of Gyges
The Ring of Gyges is a mythical magical artifact mentioned by the philosopher Plato in book 2 of his Republic (2.359a- 2.360d). Made the bearer invisible. Use of debate of morality in Republic. TERM 22
nomos vs. physis
DEFINITION 22 Law vs. nature.Everyone forced by the law of nature to dominate everyone they can. TERM 23
Academy
DEFINITION 23 Plato's School of Philosophy in 385 BC. An institution of higher learning. TERM 24
Aristotle
DEFINITION 24 Aristotle (384 BC- 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. meticulous observer and classifierknown for connecting the particular to the general by observation, deductive reasoning.Emphasizes technology and change. TERM 25
Lyceum (classical)
DEFINITION 25 The Lyceum was a gymnasium and public meeting place in Classical Athens named after the god of the grove that housed the Lyceum, Apollo Lyceus (Apollo as 'wolf-god'). Best known for Aristotle's peripatetic school. "wandering" philosopher school
Philip
II
Philip II of Macedon ( - phlos, "friend" + -- hppos, "horse" - transliterated ; 382-336 BC), was a Greek king (basileus) of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC. Son of Amyntas and Eurydice. Was exiled and hostaged in Thebes at a young age. Received military training. Became King in 359 because of the death of his brothers.He a big ole important king. Tried to avoid the unification of Thessaly. Supported Larisa against Thebes and Pherae. TERM 32
Phalanx
DEFINITION 32 The phalanx (Ancient Greek: , Modern Greek: , phlanga; plural phalanxes or phalanges; Ancient and Modern Greek: , phlanges) is a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar weapons. TERM 33
Royal Companions and pages
DEFINITION 33 Perfected under the reign of Philip II. TERM 34
Theopompus
DEFINITION 34 Theopompus (born c. 380 BC) was a Greek historian and rhetoricianKnown for being too romantic and biased. Wrote about the Hellenic age. TERM 35
Theoric Fund
DEFINITION 35 Theorica (also Theoric Fund and Festival Fund) was in ancient Athens the name for the fund of monies expended on festivals, sacrifices, and public entertainments of various kinds; and also monies distributed among the people in the shape of largesses from the state. Athens had a lot of festival.
Eubulus
At least three notable persons of ancient Greece were named Eubulus: this is the statesman.He was in charge of the Theoric Fund which gradually led to his involvement in Athens finances. Opposed Demosthenes. TERM 37
Demosthenes
DEFINITION 37 Demosthenes (, ; 384-322BC) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th centuryBC. Disliked the rise of Macedon and tried to disrupt it throughout his life. He played a role in the uprising against Alexander the Great. TERM 38
Corinthian League
DEFINITION 38 The League of Corinth, also sometimes referred to as Hellenic League was a federation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon during the winter of 338 BC/337 BC after the Battle of Chaeronea, to facilitate his use of military forces in his war against Persia. TERM 39
Isocrates
DEFINITION 39 Isocrates (; ; 436-338 BC), an ancient Greek rhetorician, was one of the ten Attic orators. In his time, he was probably the most influential rhetorician in Greece and made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works.Taught a school of rhetoric that only accepted 9 students at a time for a considerable fee, which was bad because of the sophists. He was a person people hire to write speeches as Athenians had to self-represent themselves in court. TERM 40
Battle of Chaeronea
DEFINITION 40 The Battle of Chaeronea () was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between the forces of Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of Greek city-states (the principal members of which were Athens and Thebes).
Troy
The first of Alexander's raids. I don't know what else to say about this TERM 47
Battle of the Granicus
DEFINITION 47 The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. TERM 48
Cleitus the Black
DEFINITION 48 Cleitus the Black (ca. 375 BC - 328 BC) was an officer of the Macedonian army led by Alexander the Great. Saved Alexander's life at the battle of Granicus. KILLED IN A DRUNKEN QUARREL YEARS LATER. TERM 49
Gordium
DEFINITION 49 Gordium was the capital city of ancient Phrygia. It was located at the site of modern Yasshyk, about 70-80km southwest of Ankara (capital of Turkey), in the immediate vicinity of Polatl district.According to ancient tradition, in 333 BCEAlexander the Greatcut (or otherwise unfastened) theGordian Knot: this knot joined the yoke to the pole of a Phrygian wagon that stood on the the city. The wagon was associated with Midas or Gordias (or both), and was connected with the dynasty's rise to power. A local prophecy had decreed that whoever could loose the knot was destined to become the ruler of Asia TERM 50
Callisthenes of Olythus
DEFINITION 50 was a Greek historianNephew of Aristotle who met Alex through him.He was appointed as Alex's historian on his Asiatic expedition.
Battle of Issus
333 BCEAlexander invaded southern Anatolia.He won ok. WHAT ELSE DO U NEED TO KNOW. TERM 52
Darius III
DEFINITION 52 Darius III (c. 380 - 330 BC), also known by his given name of Codomannus, was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia from 336 BC to 330 BC. After Alex sacked Persia he was killed by a satrap (governor of Persia). TERM 53
Bucephalus
DEFINITION 53 He was Alex's horse.died in battle of hydapses 326 TERM 54
Siege of Gaza
DEFINITION 54 During the Siege of Gaza, Alexander the Great, by utilizing the engines he had employed against Tyre, succeeded in reaching the walls. TERM 55
Siege of Tyre
DEFINITION 55 The Siege of Tyre was a siege of the city of Tyre, a strategic coastal base on the Mediterranean Sea, orchestrated by Alexander the Great in 332 BC during his campaigns against the Persians. Supposedly, Alex was sooo mad about Tyre's defense that he destroyed half the city when he obtained it. He granted pardon to the King and royal family, but sold the 30000 inhabitants to slavery.
Bessus
Artaxerxes V, also known as Bessus (died summer 329 BC) was a prominent satrap of Bactria in Persia, and later self- proclaimed king of the Persian Empire. Killed Darius.tried to hold an uprising against Alex, was quickly arrested by panicked civilians. Alex ordered his nose and ears to be cut off, and then he goes and dies weird deaths. TERM 62
Roxana
DEFINITION 62 Roxana, sometimes Roxanne and Roxane, was a Bactrian princess and a wife of Alexander the Great. Married him out of love and bore him Alexander IV Aegus. Murdered Alex's other widow after his death and the widow's sister.Kept under Olympia's care in Macedonia till Cassander came along, and Olympia was assassinated and soon she was too. TERM 63
Philotas
DEFINITION 63 Philotas (in Greek, , died October 330 BC) was the eldest son of Parmenion, Alexander's most experienced and talented general. Eventually killed because of conspiring against Alex. His father was soon killed as well, before the news of Philotas execution reached him. TERM 64
Khyber Pass
DEFINITION 64 The Khyber Pass, (altitude: ) is a mountain pass connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan, cutting through the northeastern part of the Spin Ghar mountains. Alex passed thru it? TERM 65
Taxiles
DEFINITION 65 Taksxila (in Greek T or ; lived 4th century BC) was the Greek chroniclers' name for a prince or king who reigned over the tract between the Indus and the Hydaspes Rivers in the Punjab at the period of the expedition of Alexander the Great, 327 BC. Asked for Alex's help against Absiares and Porus
Battle of Hydaspes
The Battle of the Hydaspes River was fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC against King Porus of the Hindu Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Hydaspes River in the Punjab near Bhera in what is now modern-day Pakistan. Guess what? Alex wins. TERM 67
Gedrosia
DEFINITION 67 Gedrosia is the hellenized name of an area that corresponds to today's Balochistan. Eastern Balochistan is southwestern province of Pakistan and parts of southwestern and south-central Afghanistan and western Balochistan is divided between Iranian provinces of Hormozgan and Sistan va Baluchestan. Biggest blunder in Alex's campaign. He ordered half of his soldiers to march with him across this desert, and a lot of soldiers died. Speculate that Alex did it intentionally to punish the army, or that he was trying to be better than Cyrus the Great. TERM 68
Nearchus
DEFINITION 68 Nearchus (, Nearchos; c. 360 - 300 BC) was one of the officers, a navarch, in the army of Alexander the Great. Half of Alex's army went with him to sail Susa while Alex was crossing the desert with the other half. TERM 69
Hellenistic World
DEFINITION 69 Hellenistic civilization represents the zenith of Greek influence in the ancient world from 323BC to about 146BC (or arguably as late as 30BC). TERM 70
Perdiccas
DEFINITION 70 was one ofAlexander the Great's generals. After Alexander's death in 323 BC he becameregentof all Alexander's empire.
Achaean League
The Achaean League was a Hellenistic era confederation of Greek city states on the northern and central Peloponnese, which existed between 280 BC and 146 BC. TERM 77
Aetolian League
DEFINITION 77 The Aetolian League was a confederation of tribal communities and cities in ancient Greece centered on Aetolia in central Greece. TERM 78
Menander
DEFINITION 78 Menander (, Menandros; ca. 342-291 BC) was a Greek dramatist and the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy. Student of Theophrastus.Depicted everyone.Characters in private worlds. TERM 79
Zeno of Citium
DEFINITION 79 Zeno of Citium (, Znn ho Kitis;, c. 334 BC - c. 262 BC) was a Greek language philosopher of Phoenician origin from Citium (). Founder of stoic school of philosophy. TERM 80
Epicurus
DEFINITION 80 Epicurus (, "ally, comrade"; 341 BCE - 270 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher as well as the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.Main point of his philosophy is that pain and pleasure are good and evil, and that the gods don't punish or reward humans, that death is the end of the body and soul, and that the universe is infinite and eternal.
Stoicism
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early. Destructive emotions are created from errors in judgement. Sages should not experience these emotions. TERM 82
Stoa Poikile
DEFINITION 82 The Stoa Poikile or Painted Porch, originally called the Porch of Peisianax (Ancient Greek: ), was erected during the 5th century BC and was located on the north side of the Ancient Agora of Athens. This is where Zeno taught. TERM 83
Epicureanism
DEFINITION 83 Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus, founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomic materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. See Epicurus. Oh, and ataraxia: untroubled state free from excessive pleasure or pain. TERM 84
Cynics
DEFINITION 84 Cynicism, in its original form, refers to the beliefs of an ancient school of Greek philosophers known as the Cynics.Represented living a life of virtue in agreement with nature. Aka, getting rid of all possessions. TERM 85
Skeptics
DEFINITION 85 Skepticism or scepticism has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere.
Apollonius of Rhodes
Apollonius of Rhodes, or Apollonius Rhodius, floruit first half of 3rd century BCE, is best known as the author of the Argonautica, an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece. TERM 92
Euhemerus
DEFINITION 92 Euhemerus (late 4th century BC) was a Greek mythographer at the court of Cassander, the king of Macedon. Euhemerusim is sorta treating myths as reflections of history. TERM 93
Tyche
DEFINITION 93 The deity that governs fortune and prosperity over cities. Cities would often personalize their Tyches. Especially during the Hellenistic era. TERM 94
Eratosthenes
DEFINITION 94 Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek mathematician, poet, athlete, geographer, astronomer, and music theorist.Invented the system of geography and the word! First person to calculate the circumference of the planet, accurately too. TERM 95
Sarapis
DEFINITION 95 Serapis or Sarapis (-) is a Graeco-Egyptian god. Serapis was devised during the 3rd century BC on the orders of Ptolemy I of Egypt as a means to unify the Greeks and Egyptians in his realm.
