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NUR || 211 || Exam || 5 || with || verified || detailed || answers
What || is || hematology? || - || ✔✔The || study || of || the || blood || and || the || lymphatic || system. What || are || the || main || components || of || blood? || - || ✔✔Plasma, || blood || cells, || oxygen, || nutrients, || carbon || dioxide, || antibodies, || and || other || proteins. What || is || hematopoiesis? || - || ✔✔The || production || of || blood || cells || in || the || bone || marrow. What || are || the || three || main || types || of || blood || cells? || - || ✔✔Red || blood || cells || (RBCs), || white || blood || cells || (WBCs), || and || platelets. What || is || the || function || of || red || blood || cells || (RBCs)? || - || ✔✔To || carry || oxygen || throughout || the || body. What || is || anemia? || - || ✔✔A || condition || characterized || by || a || reduction || in || the || oxygen-carrying || capacity || of || the || blood. What || are || the || five || types || of || white || blood || cells || (WBCs)? || - || ✔✔Basophils, || eosinophils, || neutrophils, || monocytes, || and || lymphocytes. What || role || do || platelets || play || in || the || body? || - || ✔✔They || are || involved || in || hemostasis, || the || process || of || stopping || bleeding || from || damaged || blood || vessels. What || happens || to || red || blood || cells || in || sickle || cell || disease || (SCD)? || - || ✔✔They || become || stiff, || lose || flexibility, || and || can || clump || together, || leading || to || blockages || in || blood || vessels.
What || is || the || lifespan || of || red || blood || cells || in || individuals || with || sickle || cell || disease? || - || ✔✔Approximately || 20 || days, || compared || to || the || normal || lifespan || of || 120 || days. What || are || the || four || types || of || sickle || cell || crises? || - || ✔✔1) || Vasoocclusive || crisis, || 2) || Aplastic || crisis, || 3) || Sequestration || crisis, || 4) || Hemolytic || crisis. What || precipitating || factors || can || lead || to || a || sickle || cell || crisis? || - || ✔✔Dehydration, || cold || temperatures, || infection, || and || low || oxygen || environments. What || percentage || of || sickle || cell || disease || patients || are || estimated || to || be || African || American? || - || ✔✔90%. What || are || common || clinical || manifestations || of || sickle || cell || disease? || - || ✔✔Anemia, || pain, || swelling, || fatigue, || pallor, || and || shortness || of || breath. What || complications || can || arise || from || vasoocclusion || in || sickle || cell || disease? || - || ✔✔Tissue || ischemia, || organ || damage, || and || pain || in || joints, || bones, || chest, || and || abdomen. What || is || the || primary || goal || of || treatment || for || sickle || cell || disease? || - || ✔✔To || prevent || crises || and || manage || symptoms. What || is || hydroxyurea || and || its || role || in || sickle || cell || disease || treatment? || - || ✔✔A || chemotherapeutic || agent || that || increases || fetal || hemoglobin || production || and || reduces || crisis || frequency. What || is || an || exchange || blood || transfusion? || - || ✔✔A || treatment || where || the || entire || blood || volume || is || exchanged || to || maintain || sickled || hemoglobin || levels || below || 50%. What || are || the || risks || associated || with || repeated || exchange || blood || transfusions? || - || ✔✔Increased || risk || of || transfusion || reactions || and || iron || overload.
What || are || some || complications || of || sickle || cell || disease || (SCD)? || - || ✔✔Acute || chest || syndrome, || developmental || delay, || disability, || CVA, || infection, || and || pregnancy || complications. What || causes || acute || chest || syndrome || in || SCD || patients? || - || ✔✔Intermittent || episodes || of || hypoxemia || and || thrombus || formation || leading || to || pulmonary || infarction. What || are || common || clinical || manifestations || of || acute || chest || syndrome? || - || ✔✔Fever, || chest || pain, || tachycardia, || hypoxia, || sputum || production, || increased || WBCs, || and || pulmonary || infiltrate || on || x-ray. What || nursing || diagnoses || are || relevant || for || patients || with || SCD? || - || ✔✔Impaired || tissue || perfusion, || activity || intolerance, || acute || chest || pain, || and || risk || for || powerlessness. What || is || the || relationship || between || sickled || RBCs || and || tissue || perfusion? || - || ✔✔Sickled || RBCs || cause || decreased || oxygen-carrying || capacity, || leading || to || impaired || tissue || perfusion. What || is || hand-foot || syndrome || in || the || context || of || SCD? || - || ✔✔A || condition || where || multiple || crises || and || bone || infarctions || lead || to || uneven || growth || of || hands || and || toes. What || are || some || psychosocial || issues || faced || by || patients || with || SCD? || - || ✔✔Anger, || depression, || and || feelings || of || guilt || or || frustration || due || to || chronic || disease || and || frequent || absences || from || work. What || nursing || intervention || helps || manage || pain || during || a || sickle || cell || crisis? || - || ✔✔Administering || analgesics, || usually || opiates. What || is || the || role || of || oxygen || therapy || in || SCD || management? || - || ✔✔To || decrease || hypoxia || and || minimize || the || severity || of || a || crisis.
What || preventive || measures || should || SCD || patients || take || regarding || infections? || - || ✔✔Updated || immunizations, || annual || flu || and || pneumococcal || vaccines, || and || good || dental || hygiene. What || complications || can || arise || during || pregnancy || for || SCD || patients? || - || ✔✔Increased || risk || of || maternal || and || infant || mortality, || low || birth || weight, || gestational || hypertension, || preterm || labor, || and || stillbirths. What || is || the || pathophysiology || of || leukemia? || - || ✔✔An || unknown || stimulus || mutates || myeloid || or || lymphoid || stem || cells, || leading || to || uncontrolled || proliferation || of || leukemic || cells. What || happens || to || leukemic || cells || in || the || bone || marrow? || - || ✔✔They || fill || the || bone || marrow || and || do || not || mature || or || undergo || apoptosis. What || is || leukocytosis || in || the || context || of || leukemia? || - || ✔✔The || uncontrollable || production || of || immature || white || blood || cells || (WBCs) || known || as || leukemic || cells || or || blasts. What || is || the || significance || of || assessing || hemoglobin || and || serum || bilirubin || levels || in || SCD? || - || ✔✔Sickled || RBCs || have || decreased || hemoglobin || levels, || and || increased || hemolysis || elevates || serum || bilirubin. Why || is || hydration || important || for || SCD || patients? || - || ✔✔It || increases || blood || volume || and || helps || prevent || clumping || of || cells || in || capillaries. What || are || the || effects || of || hypoxemia || on || patients || with || SCD? || - || ✔✔It || leads || to || activity || intolerance || and || acute || pain || due || to || tissue || ischemia. What || nursing || interventions || can || improve || the || quality || of || life || for || SCD || patients? || - || ✔✔Education || on || disease || management, || timely || medical || intervention, || and || emotional || support.
What || environmental || factors || are || linked || to || leukemia || development? || - || ✔✔Radiation || exposure || and || benzene. What || is || the || most || prevalent || form || of || leukemia || in || childhood? || - || ✔✔Acute || lymphoblastic || leukemia || (ALL). What || laboratory || tests || are || used || for || diagnosing || leukemia? || - || ✔✔Complete || blood || count || (CBC), || history || and || physical || examination, || bone || marrow || biopsy, || and || genetic || testing. What || is || the || purpose || of || chemotherapy || in || leukemia || treatment? || - || ✔✔To || destroy || leukemic || cells || and || induce || remission. What || are || the || two || main || phases || of || leukemia || treatment? || - || ✔✔Remission || induction || and || post-remission || maintenance. What || are || granulocyte || colony-stimulating || factors || (GCSFs) || used || for? || - || ✔✔To || stimulate || bone || marrow || production || of || neutrophils || post-chemotherapy. What || is || the || difference || between || bone || marrow || transplantation || (BMT) || and || peripheral || stem || cell || transplantation || (PSCT)? || - || ✔✔BMT || involves || harvesting || bone || marrow, || while || PSCT || collects || stem || cells || from || blood || via || apheresis. What || is || a || potential || complication || of || transplantation || in || leukemia || treatment? || - || ✔✔Graft- versus-host || disease || (GVHD). What || are || common || complications || of || leukemia || treatment? || - || ✔✔Infection, || hemorrhage, || myelosuppression, || and || bleeding. What || is || neutropenia? || - || ✔✔A || condition || characterized || by || a || low || number || of || neutrophils, || increasing || infection || risk.
What || is || thrombocytopenia? || - || ✔✔A || condition || with || a || decreased || number || of || platelets, || leading || to || bleeding || risks. What || should || patients || with || neutropenia || do || to || avoid || infections? || - || ✔✔Institute || neutropenic || precautions || and || seek || immediate || treatment || for || fevers. What || is || the || significance || of || a || neutropenic || fever? || - || ✔✔It || indicates || a || fever || in || a || patient || with || neutropenia || and || requires || immediate || medical || attention. What || is || the || role || of || education || in || leukemia || treatment? || - || ✔✔To || help || patients || understand || their || condition, || treatment, || and || necessary || precautions. What || is || the || goal || of || ongoing || clinical || trials || in || leukemia || treatment? || - || ✔✔To || induce || remission || and || improve || treatment || outcomes. What || is || the || risk || of || infection || during || chemotherapy? || - || ✔✔Chemotherapy || often || leads || to || neutropenia, || increasing || the || risk || of || life-threatening || infections. What || are || the || symptoms || of || anemia || in || leukemia || patients? || - || ✔✔Weakness, || shortness || of || breath, || and || increased || bruising. What || is || the || prognosis || for || untreated || leukemia? || - || ✔✔It || is || fatal, || with || infections || being || a || common || cause || of || death. What || nursing || diagnosis || is || related || to || the || inability || of || immature || leukemic || cells || to || fight || infection? || - || ✔✔Risk || for || infection || related || to || immature || leukemic || cells' || inability || to || fight || infection || or || neutropenia.
What || characterizes || uncontrolled || cell || growth || in || cancer? || - || ✔✔Cancer || cell || growth || and || proliferation || are || unregulated || by || typical || mechanisms, || leading || to || dysplasia. What || is || altered || cell || differentiation || in || cancer || cells? || - || ✔✔When || a || cell || loses || its || expected || structure || and || function, || often || becoming || poorly || differentiated || and || harder || to || treat. What || does || metastasis || refer || to || in || cancer? || - || ✔✔The || spread || of || cancer || cells || to || other || parts || of || the || body || through || lymphatic || or || hematogenous || routes. What || are || common || risk || factors || for || cancer? || - || ✔✔Exposure || to || carcinogens, || environmental || factors, || hormones, || lifestyle, || infectious || diseases, || medications, || immune || status, || and || nutrition. What || is || the || role || of || prophylactic || antibiotics || in || leukemia || management? || - || ✔✔To || provide || added || protection || against || infection || when || the || neutrophil || count || is || low. What || is || the || importance || of || symptom || management || post-chemotherapy? || - || ✔✔To || maintain || the || patient's || quality || of || life || by || managing || symptoms || like || nausea, || vomiting, || diarrhea, || and || mouth || ulcerations. What || is || the || relationship || between || leukemic || WBCs || and || anemia? || - || ✔✔The || bone || marrow || is || congested || with || WBCs, || leading || to || decreased || production || of || RBCs || and || resulting || in || anemia. What || is || the || significance || of || low-grade || fevers || in || leukemia || patients? || - || ✔✔They || may || indicate || minor || infections || due || to || a || decrease || in || mature || neutrophils. What || are || the || manifestations || of || thrombocytopenia || in || leukemia? || - || ✔✔Excessive || bruising || and || petechiae || due || to || decreased || platelet || production.
What || does || the || term || 'neoplasia' || refer || to? || - || ✔✔Uncontrolled || cell || proliferation || characteristic || of || cancer. What || is || the || goal || of || treatment || for || leukemia? || - || ✔✔To || induce || remission || and || improve || the || quality || of || life. How || can || lifestyle || factors || influence || cancer || risk? || - || ✔✔Certain || lifestyle || choices, || such || as || diet || and || exercise, || can || affect || exposure || to || carcinogens || and || overall || health. What || is || the || role || of || the || immune || system || in || cancer || progression? || - || ✔✔Mutated || cells || may || evade || detection || by || the || immune || system, || allowing || them || to || proliferate. What || is || the || most || common || risk || factor || for || cancer? || - || ✔✔Exposure || to || a || carcinogen. What || are || carcinogens? || - || ✔✔Substances || that || predispose || individuals || to || DNA || destruction, || resulting || in || cellular || mutation. Name || three || examples || of || well-documented || carcinogens. || - || ✔✔Ionizing || radiation, || tobacco, || and || certain || chemical || exposures. What || types || of || malignancies || are || classified || as || solid || tumors? || - || ✔✔Malignancies || that || arise || from || specific || body || organs || and || grow || into || masses, || such || as || lung || cancer. What || are || hematological || malignancies? || - || ✔✔Cancers || that || arise || from || cells || of || the || hematopoietic || cell || line, || affecting || blood || cells, || including || red || and || white || blood || cells || and || platelets. What || are || the || common || diagnostic || methods || for || cancer? || - || ✔✔Lab || testing, || imaging, || biopsy, || and || endoscopic || procedures.
What || is || the || significance || of || nutritional || factors || in || cancer || risk? || - || ✔✔Nutrition || can || influence || cancer || risk || and || the || body's || ability || to || cope || with || treatment. What || is || the || expected || trend || for || cancer || rates || worldwide? || - || ✔✔Cancer || rates || are || expected || to || increase. What || is || the || primary || method || of || obtaining || tissue || samples || for || evaluation || in || solid || tumors? || - || ✔✔Biopsy. What || is || the || purpose || of || imaging || studies || in || cancer || diagnosis? || - || ✔✔To || identify || tissue || masses || that || may || indicate || the || presence || of || cancer. What || is || the || role || of || nurses || in || managing || cancer || patients? || - || ✔✔To || provide || specialized || care || and || manage || symptoms || related || to || cancer || and || its || treatment. What || are || some || common || types || of || cancer? || - || ✔✔Lung, || breast, || colorectal, || prostate, || skin, || and || stomach || cancer. What || is || the || impact || of || lifestyle || factors || on || cancer || risk? || - || ✔✔Lifestyle || choices || can || significantly || influence || the || likelihood || of || developing || cancer. What || is || the || relationship || between || infectious || diseases || and || cancer || risk? || - || ✔✔Certain || infectious || diseases || can || increase || the || risk || of || developing || specific || types || of || cancer. What || are || the || three || levels || of || cancer || prevention? || - || ✔✔Primary, || Secondary, || and || Tertiary || prevention. What || is || primary || prevention || in || cancer? || - || ✔✔Screening || for || early || detection, || reducing || morbidity || and || mortality, || risk || factor || modification, || immunization, || and || chemoprevention.
What || is || secondary || prevention || in || cancer? || - || ✔✔Cancer || screening || for || early || detection || and || management || to || improve || outcomes. What || is || tertiary || prevention || in || cancer? || - || ✔✔Reducing || morbidity || and || mortality || once || the || disease || has || been || diagnosed. What || is || a || key || risk || factor || for || breast || cancer || related || to || age? || - || ✔✔The || risk || of || breast || cancer || increases || with || age, || particularly || in || women || aged || 80 || to || 85. Which || ethnic || group || has || a || high || risk || of || breast || cancer || in || women || under || 50? || - || ✔✔African || American || women. What || is || the || second || leading || cause || of || cancer-related || deaths || in || women || under || 50? || - || ✔✔Breast || cancer. What || are || some || risk || factors || for || breast || cancer? || - || ✔✔High || number || of || ovulatory || cycles, || late || menarche || and || menopause, || lack || of || pregnancy, || and || known || genetic || mutations. What || is || the || significance || of || benign || proliferative || breast || disease? || - || ✔✔It || is || associated || with || an || increased || breast || cancer || risk || of || up || to || 70%. What || are || common || clinical || manifestations || of || breast || cancer? || - || ✔✔Changes || in || breast || shape, || new || mass || or || lump, || swelling, || skin || changes, || and || nipple || discharge. What || diagnostic || tests || are || used || for || breast || cancer? || - || ✔✔Mammography, || ultrasonography, || MRI, || and || biopsy.
What || is || the || role || of || immunization || in || cancer || prevention? || - || ✔✔Vaccines || like || the || HPV || vaccine || can || help || prevent || certain || types || of || cancer. What || is || the || relationship || between || pregnancy || and || breast || cancer || risk? || - || ✔✔Lack || of || pregnancy || and || live || childbirth || increases || breast || cancer || risk, || while || pregnancies || that || result || in || live || births || can || lower || the || risk. What || is || the || lifetime || risk || of || breast || cancer || for || women || without || known || genetic || mutations? || - || ✔✔Below || 30%. What || factors || can || increase || breast || cancer || risk || besides || genetics? || - || ✔✔Excessive || alcohol || use, || inactivity, || obesity, || and || hormone || use. What || are || common || nursing || diagnoses || for || breast || cancer || patients? || - || ✔✔Pain/discomfort, || Risk || for || infection, || Nutrition || altered: || less || than || body || requirements, || Body || image || disturbance. What || clinical || manifestations || are || associated || with || breast || cancer? || - || ✔✔Lump || in || the || breast, || skin || and || nipple || changes, || and || symptoms || related || to || treatment || such || as || hair || loss, || nausea, || and || mouth || pain. What || are || potential || side || effects || of || chemotherapy || in || breast || cancer || patients? || - || ✔✔Hair || loss, || nausea, || vomiting, || mouth || pain, || diarrhea, || peripheral || neuropathy, || rash, || nail || changes, || and || decreased || white || blood || cell || count. What || nursing || interventions || should || be || implemented || for || pain || management? || - || ✔✔Administer || pain || medications || as || ordered || and || encourage || patients || to || verbalize || their || pain || levels.
What || is || the || significance || of || daily || weight || monitoring || in || cancer || patients? || - || ✔✔It || helps || assess || the || nutritional || status || and || detect || any || drastic || weight || loss || indicating || nutritional || deficits. What || are || the || key || nursing || interventions || for || wound || care || in || breast || cancer || patients? || - || ✔✔Keep || the || wound || clean || and || dry, || monitor || for || signs || of || infection, || and || evaluate || the || wound || for || healing. What || teaching || should || be || provided || regarding || chemotherapy || side || effects? || - || ✔✔Patients || should || understand || potential || side || effects || and || how || to || manage || nausea || and || vomiting. What || are || common || risk || factors || for || lung || cancer? || - || ✔✔Smoking, || second-hand || smoke, || radon || exposure, || asbestos, || and || occupational || pollutants. What || are || the || clinical || manifestations || of || lung || cancer? || - || ✔✔New || cough, || changes || to || chronic || cough, || hemoptysis, || shortness || of || breath, || wheezing, || hoarseness, || chest || pain, || headache, || bone || pain, || and || weight || loss. What || diagnostic || tests || are || used || for || lung || cancer? || - || ✔✔Chest || X-ray || (CXR), || CT || scan, || PET || scan, || sputum || cytology, || bronchoscopy, || and || mediastinoscopy. What || are || the || surgical || treatment || options || for || lung || cancer? || - || ✔✔Lobectomy, || pneumonectomy, || and || wedge || resection. What || is || the || preferred || treatment || for || non-small || cell || lung || cancer || without || metastasis? || - || ✔✔Surgery || is || preferred, || with || options || including || lobectomy || and || pneumonectomy. What || nursing || diagnoses || are || relevant || for || lung || cancer || patients? || - || ✔✔Ineffective || gas || exchange, || anxiety, || and || activity || intolerance.
What || is || the || significance || of || assessing || nonverbal || cues || in || cancer || patients? || - || ✔✔To || identify || signs || of || pain, || depression, || and || anxiety || that || may || not || be || verbally || expressed. What || position || increases || oxygenation || by || allowing || full || lung || expansion? || - || ✔✔Semi-Fowler's || position What || are || two || key || nursing || interventions || for || managing || pain || in || patients? || - || ✔✔Use || of || pain || medications || around || the || clock || and || teaching || breathing || techniques. What || is || the || purpose || of || pacing || activities || for || patients || with || respiratory || issues? || - || ✔✔To || conserve || energy || and || decrease || the || work || of || breathing. What || dietary || approach || can || help || patients || with || respiratory || issues? || - || ✔✔Small, || frequent || meals || to || decrease || the || work || of || breathing. What || is || the || significance || of || smoking || cessation || in || disease || management? || - || ✔✔It || can || change || the || course || of || the || disease || process. What || are || the || two || main || types || of || non-melanoma || skin || cancers? || - || ✔✔Basal || cell || carcinoma || and || squamous || cell || carcinoma. What || is || the || most || common || form || of || skin || cancer? || - || ✔✔Basal || cell || carcinoma, || accounting || for || approximately || 75% || of || all || diagnosed || skin || cancers. What || is || actinic || keratosis? || - || ✔✔A || precancerous || lesion || formed || by || atypical || keratinocytes || in || the || epidermis.
What || are || common || clinical || features || of || actinic || keratosis? || - || ✔✔Skin-colored || to || reddish- brown || macules, || papules, || or || plaques, || usually || occurring || in || sun-exposed || areas. What || is || the || lifetime || risk || of || being || diagnosed || with || melanoma || for || whites? || - || ✔✔About || 2%. What || are || the || risk || factors || for || developing || skin || cancer? || - || ✔✔Significant || sun || exposure, || positive || family || history, || and || work || history || involving || outdoor || exposure. What || is || the || role || of || ultraviolet || B || (UVB) || rays || in || skin || cancer? || - || ✔✔They || cause || direct || damage || to || DNA || and || are || responsible || for || sunburns. What || is || the || role || of || ultraviolet || A || (UVA) || rays || in || skin || cancer? || - || ✔✔They || penetrate || deeper || into || the || skin || and || cause || indirect || damage || that || disrupts || cell || membranes. What || nursing || diagnosis || might || be || relevant || for || a || patient || with || skin || cancer? || - || ✔✔Alterations || in || body || image || related || to || altered || pigmentation || and || scarring. What || is || a || significant || nursing || intervention || for || patients || undergoing || treatment || for || skin || cancer? || - || ✔✔Provide || emotional || support || and || refer || to || a || social || worker || or || psychologist. What || is || the || estimated || number || of || people || diagnosed || with || skin || cancer || each || day || in || the || U.S.? || - || ✔✔Around || 9,500. What || percentage || of || men || are || diagnosed || with || skin || cancer || at || a || higher || rate || than || women? || - || ✔✔Men || are || diagnosed || at || a || higher || rate || than || women || overall. What || is || the || most || common || bone || disease || in || humans? || - || ✔✔Osteoporosis.
