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NURS 2031 MIDTERM EXAM SCRIPT 2026 FULL EVALUATION VERIFIED A+, Exams of Nursing

Liberty University (LU)Nursing

NURS 2031 MIDTERM EXAM SCRIPT 2026 FULL EVALUATION VERIFIED A+

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 01/09/2026

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NURS 2031 MIDTERM EXAM SCRIPT 2026 FULL
EVALUATION VERIFIED A+
◉ Define Health Research: Answer: any research relevant to health -
incorporates diverse number of methodologies
◉ What are the 4 pillars of health according research to the
Canadian Institute of Health Research? Answer: 1. Biomedical
2. Clinical
3.Health Services and Policy
4. Social, cultural, environmental and population health
◉ What is the biomedical pillar of health research? Answer: cellular
level or whole body level
◉ What is the clinical pillar of health research? Answer: studies
based specifically on or for patients
◉ What is the health services pillar of health research? Answer: may
look at quality, cost and how they are received
◉ What is the social, cultural, environmental and population health?
Answer: investigating population and different health determinants
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Download NURS 2031 MIDTERM EXAM SCRIPT 2026 FULL EVALUATION VERIFIED A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NURS 2031 MIDTERM EXAM SCRIPT 2026 FULL

EVALUATION VERIFIED A+

◉ Define Health Research: Answer: any research relevant to health - incorporates diverse number of methodologies ◉ What are the 4 pillars of health according research to the Canadian Institute of Health Research? Answer: 1. Biomedical

  1. Clinical 3.Health Services and Policy
  2. Social, cultural, environmental and population health ◉ What is the biomedical pillar of health research? Answer: cellular level or whole body level ◉ What is the clinical pillar of health research? Answer: studies based specifically on or for patients ◉ What is the health services pillar of health research? Answer: may look at quality, cost and how they are received ◉ What is the social, cultural, environmental and population health? Answer: investigating population and different health determinants

(SDOH)

◉ What is the purpose of health research? Answer: - autonomy

  • validation of nursing as a profession
  • to describe (comparisons between people or groups/illustrate differences in health)
  • to explain (disease)
  • to predict and control (health problems, service development) ◉ What is a Research Paradigm? Answer: - Reflects one's own beliefs about what constitutes knowledge and how it is to be generated
  • "a way of thinking about the world" ◉ What are the 3 distinct dimensions which help define a research paradigm? Answer: 1: epistemology 2: ontology 3: Methodology ◉ What is epistemology? Answer: the branch of philosophy concerned with nature and definitions of knowledge and truth. ◉ What is ontology? Answer: the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of reality

2: constructivist approach ◉ What is the objectivist approach? Answer: - things that a researcher can objectively measure

  • i.e. body weight, height etc. ◉ What is the constructivist approach? Answer: - things that are socially constructed. e.g. gender, sexuality, ethnicity ◉ What are the 2 traditions of data collection? Answer: - Quantitative
  • Qualitative ◉ What is the Qualitative Tradition? Answer: - mostly open-ended research questions concerned with meaning
  • one-on-one interviews, focus groups, oral history or analysis of written or visual material
  • close contact on the research field ◉ What is the Quantitative Tradition? Answer: - relies on numeric data and statistical analysis
  • to measure, to test hypotheses, to assess correlation/causality and generalize from samples to populations
  • often collected via large-scale social and epidemiological surveys ◉ What are the 2 distinct phases of theorizing? Answer: 1. Induction 2: deduction ◉ What is deduction? Answer: testing pre-existing hypothesis ◉ What is induction? Answer: generation of new hypothesis from a pre-existing study ◉ What is the Quantitative/Qualitative Divide? Answer: - We have a tendency to view qualitative data and quantitative data as mutually exclusive
  • mixed method designs involve research strategies that could blend advantages of the 2 traditions.
  • e.g. statistical regression analysis with extended fieldwork. ◉ What is a target population? Answer: what we are interested in. it should be well defined. ◉ What is an accessible population? Answer: We may not be able to access/select all participants from the target population - accessible population are those that we have access to.

◉ what is representativeness? Answer: a sample of characteristics that resemble that of the greater population - the participants must exhibit representativeness for a study to be generalized. ◉ what is sampling? Answer: selecting subset of units from a population to collect info to draw inferences about the whole population. ◉ Explain Population descriptors: Answer: - can be identified using inclusion and exclusion criteria.

  • e.g. gender/age/ethnicity/marital status/religion/health status/diagnosis ◉ What are the 4 steps for sampling? Answer: 1. Identify the target audience
  1. Describe the accessible population (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
  2. Develop a sampling plan 4.Obtain REB approval ◉ What is a non-probability sampling strategy? Answer: there is no randomization involved. It is fast, easy and inexpensive. It assumes representativeness = it will likely be bias. Often used as a first step before narrowing down the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

◉ what is a probability sampling strategy? Answer: There is randomization involved/everybody In a population has an equal chance in being sampled. It is complex, time consuming and costly. inferences can be made about the population since everybody has the same chance of being selected. ◉ What are the benefits to a probability sampling strategy over non- probability? Answer: When there is randomization involved (in a probability sampling strategy,) the sample is more likely to represent the population. ◉ Explain the 6 types of non-probability sampling: (1. haphazard 2.judgement 3.volunteer 4.quota 5.modified probability 6.network/snowball) Answer: 1. haphazard: people on the streets asking you to participate

  1. judgement: purposeful selection (based on expert knowledge - they are looking for a specific thing in the population)
  • K=N/n where K is the number of people you go up by, N is the total population number and n is the number of people that need to be selected.
  • Select a random number and go up by the K number until you have the n number. ◉ Explain cluster sampling: Answer: randomly selecting complete groups of the population units from a sampling frame. 2 - step process:
  1. population needs to be separated into groups 2: select sample of clusters ◉ Explain a stratified sample: Answer: - not a selection method but a way to organize the population into homogenous, mutually exclusive way groups called start.
  • samples can then be selected from the individual strata (any sample design can then be used)
  • good for skewed populations and to ensure that adequate sample sizes for domains of interest. ◉ Explain multi-stage sampling: Answer: - select a sample in 2 or more stages where the units at each stage are different in structure and hierarchy
  • Primary stage (PSU) and secondly stage (SSU)
  • can have any number of stages
  • e.g. stage 1: city blocks stage 2: dwellings stage 3: a few people per household
  • decreases travel time, interview time and cost. ◉ What is measurement? Answer: giving the numerical value to come phenomenon according to rules. ◉ what are hypothetic constructs? Answer: can't be observed. e.g. behaviours, attitudes, processes (like intelligence, adaptability, resilience, emotion) ◉ What are categorical variables? Answer: must satisfy 2 conditions a) the categories must be mutually exclusive b) the categories must be collectively exhaustive
  • categories have no quantitative/mathematical meaning - the values are simply labels (nominal/ordinal levels measurement) ◉ What are discrete variables? Answer: - a whole number (e.g. how many kids you have)
  • no value can exist between the 2 neighbouring numbers.

◉ Explain ratio variables: Answer: - meaningful zero

  • can calculate mean, standard deviation and parametric statistics. ◉ What kind of variable is shoe size? Answer: Interval ◉ What kind of variable is eye colour? Answer: Nominal ◉ What kind of variable is a pain scale? Answer: Ordinal ◉ What kind variable is dollar value? Answer: Ratio ◉ What is the classic test theory (CTT)? Answer: a measurement erro (psychometric theory)
  • the obtained score on the test consists of 2 things (a true score and some error) CTT = TS + Error
  • helps to predict possible errors and account for them Assumes:
  • we never see a true score (it is always associated with an error)
  • the error is unrelated to the true score (the error is consistent throughout the experiment and is not only to do with the true score)
  • the error has a mean of 0 (meaning that the errors will cancel each other out) ◉ What is scale development based on? Answer: - based on classic psychometric theory (which assumes that a score on a scale consists of 2 parts: the observed true score plus some degree of error)
  • This means that we never see the true score because there is always a degree of error associated with it. ◉ What are the 4 steps to scale development? Answer: 1. clearly spell out what the construct means (may change after the focus group or expert feedback)
  1. Write out the items or borrow from existing scales (2-3 times more items than you need) (must be at a grade 3 reading level)
  2. Checking out the items
  3. Selecting the items ◉ (step 3 in scale development): What problems should you be watching out for in the language used in the scales? Answer: - jargon
  • double-barreled questions: asking more than one question in one
  • vague quantifiers: e.g. often, seldom, rarely etc.

◉ What is a categorical judgement scale? Answer: - choosing from a number of options/alternatives

  • e.g. selector religion - catholic/christian/jewish/buddhist ◉ What is a continuous judgement scale? Answer: - indicates response along a continuum
  • 2 kinds:
  1. unipolar - starts from 0 and goes only to 1 extreme (no natural midpoint)
  2. bipolar - extremes at both ends and has a natural midpoint (ideally 5-9 categories/should have an odd number if there is a middle point) ◉ What are some pros and cons of bipolar continuous judgement scales and examples? Answer: Pros:
  • can be used in children (8+) Cons:
  • not all boxes are labelled and the labelled boxes are often picked more than non-labeled)
  • there are biases against picking negative boxes
  • earlier responses often influence later responses Examples:
  • visual analogue scale: e.g. pain to no pain on a line.
  • adjectival scale: e.g. what should the family's role be in life support?
  • boxes; none/minor/major/soledeciders
  • likert scale
  • harter scale: not as much cognitive demand/2 options - e.g. some kids have friends: boxes: true for me/not true for me. ◉ (step 4 in scale development - selecting the items): why do you test the scale first with >50 people (10 people per item on the scale ideally) / what do you do with this information? Answer: - to ensure that all responses are used by some.
  • you should eliminate the items which were not used
  • eliminate items which more than 90% gave the same response. ◉ (step 4 in scale development - selecting the items): What is a factor analysis and how is it used to analyze the scales. Answer: - advanced statistical procedure used to determine if a large number of variables (such as items on a scale) can be grouped into a number of subgroups in which the variables correlate highly with each other and poorly with other items.
  • Factor analyze the scale:
  1. because item grouping makes clinical sense
  2. loading (correlation) of each item is at least 0.35 (moderate) to consider keeping.
  3. item should load (correlate) on only one factor.

◉ Explain the different methods to demonstrate construct validity:

  • content validation
  • content validity ratio
  • performance Answer: - content validation: items are complete and relevant (matrix)
  • content validity ratio: raters evaluate relevance on a scale
  • performance: results indicate what is theorized about a topic. ◉ Reliability and validity is not fixed - explain this. Answer: - a scale may be useful for one population group and not another
  • involves an interaction between SCALE/GROUP/CIRCUMSANCES ◉ what factors need to be considered with feasibility? Answer: - time needed to complete a scale
  • self-administered or completed by an observer?
  • simple vs. complicated scale to score. ◉ What is descriptive statistics? Answer: helps to reduce data into manageable size by summarizing them. ◉ what is a frequency distribution? Answer: - a common, basic way to organize data
  • summarizes the occurrences of events under study; tallies the frequency of events
  • displayed in tables and accurately ◉ What is a stem and leaf plot? Answer: - for discrete and continuous variables
  • stem = all of the digits but the last one
  • leaf = last digit
  • can also be used to compare 2 or more data sets. (think of example of student test scores) ◉ What are the 3 shapes of distributions? Answer: 1) normal: the mean, median and mode are the same/in the middle
  1. negatively skewed: when the mean, median and mode are farther to the positive side of the distribution.
  2. positively skewed: when the mean,median and mode are farther to the negative side of the distribution. ◉ What is the interquartile range? Answer: - the difference between the upper quartile range and the lower quartile range (middle 2 boxes) ◉ What is a pareto chart? Answer: - useful for nominal data
  • bars and lines