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NURS 2031 MIDTERM PRACTICE SOLUTION
2026 SOLVED ITEMS CONFIRMED A+
โ Health Research. Answer: Any research relevant to health, incorporates diverse number of methodologies โ Four Pillars of Health Research- Biomedical. Answer: Investigating the mechanisms of health or disease; cellular, body โ Four Pillars of Health Research- Clinical. Answer: Honour for our patients, clinical diagnosis, changes in interventions, lifting policies โ Four Pillars of Health Research- Health Services and Policy. Answer: Investigating health service, how they are delivered, quality and cost โ Four Pillars of Health Research- Social, Cultural, environmental and population health. Answer: Looking at larger scale, investigating health determinants, why those who live in rural areas have poorer health than those is urban โ What is a Research Paradigm?. Answer: Reflects one's beliefs about what constitutes knowledge and how it is to be generated.
โ Epitemology. Answer: study of knowledge โ Ontology. Answer: the study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistence โ Methodolgy. Answer: approach to data collection and analysis, affects by ones beliefs โ Post-positivism. Answer: only one reality, "always ad never" โ Constructivism. Answer: looks at the lived experience of a person โ Critical theory. Answer: use theory to explain what cannot be observes or measured โ Objectivism. Answer: researchers study phenomena that exist as external objects, beyond reach or researcher โ Qualitative Research. Answer: used to explore personal meanings and context of an experience, cult, human patterns and processes โ Quantitative Research. Answer: Used to explore research questions or test hypotheses that describe phenomena, test
โ What are the two paradigms of ontology. Answer: Objectivism, constructionism โ Research. Answer: is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation with the aim of answering questions about nursing phenomena โ Phenomena. Answer: can be defined as occurrences, circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses events that are observable and/or measurable โ evidence-based practice. Answer: conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients โ evidence-informed practice. Answer: involves acknowledging and considering the myriad factors that constitute local ways of knowing, indigenous knowing, cultural and religious norms, and clinical judgement โ data. Answer: clearly demonstrated implications for society and practice โ consumer. Answer: actively uses and applies research
โ philosophical beliefs. Answer: are the motivating values, concepts, principles and the nature of human knowledge of an individual, group or culture and they are the basis of a worldview or paradigm โ paradigm. Answer: represent a set of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researches that guide knowledge, development process โ epistemology. Answer: branch of philosophy that deals with what is know to be truth โ methodology. Answer: to discipline-specific principles, rules and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is acquired โ aim of inquiry. Answer: is the goals or specific objectives of the research โ context. Answer: the personal, social and political environment on which a phenomenon of interest occurs โ positivism. Answer: a philosophical orientation that suggests that a material work exists, that is, things can be sensed
involves observation of a particular set of instances that belong to and can be identified as part of a larger set` โ deductive reasoning. Answer: a process of starting with the general picture and moving to a specific direction for practice and research the researcher uses two or more related concepts that, when combined, enable the researcher to suggest relationships between the concepts โ model. Answer: a symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships โ variables. Answer: the elements that can be observed throught he senses โ conceptual definition. Answer: goes beyond the general description, the concept is rooted in the theoretical literature โ operational definition. Answer: specifies how the concept will be measured--what instruments will be used to capture the essence of the variable โ concept. Answer: is an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea
โ conceptual framework. Answer: is a structure of concepts, theories, or both that is used to construct a map for the study, presents a theory, which explains why the phenomenon being studied exists โ theoretical framework. Answer: is a structure of concepts, theories or both to construct a map for the study is based on a philosophical or theorized belief or understanding of why the phenomenon under study exists โ critical thinking. Answer: is the rational examination of ideas, inferences, assumptions, principles, arguments, conclusions, issues, statements, beliefs, and actions โ critical reading. Answer: an active, intellectually engaging process in which the reader participates in an inner dialogue with the writer โ assumptions. Answer: accepted truths โ levels of understanding (in critical reading). Answer: preliminary, comprehensive, analysis, synthesis
โ validity. Answer: whether the measuring tool actually measures the correct phenomenon โ problem statement. Answer: a research question usually generated from situations or problems that emerge from practice โ research question. Answer: presents the idea that is to be examined in the study and is the foundation of the research study โ What are the five components of a clinical question?. Answer: PICOT โ what does the P in PICOT stand for?. Answer: population โ what does the I in PICOT stand for?. Answer: intervention โ what does the C in PICOT stand for?. Answer: comparison โ what does the O in PICOT stand for?. Answer: outcome โ what does the T in PICOT stand for?. Answer: time
โ what are the five steps of a qualitative-based question?. Answer: SPIDER โ what does the S in SPIDER stand for?. Answer: sample โ what does the P in SPIDER stand for?. Answer: phenomenon of interest โ what does the I in SPIDER stand for?. Answer: design โ what does the E in SPIDER stand for?. Answer: evaluation โ what does the R in SPIDER stand for?. Answer: research type โ variable. Answer: something that varies โ independent variable. Answer: usually symbolized by X, is the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable โ dependent variable. Answer: represented by the Y and is often referred to as the consequence or the presumed effects that varies with a change in the independent variable
โ statistical hypothesis. Answer: AKA null hypothesis there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables โ literature review. Answer: a systemic and critical appraisal of the most important literature on a topic, is a key step in the research process that provides the basis of a research study โ primary soruce. Answer: articles and books by the original author โ secondary source. Answer: are published articles or books that are written by persons other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research โ print index. Answer: a listing of published material โ refereed (peer-reviewed) journal. Answer: has a panel of internal and external reviewers who review submitted manuscripts for possible publication โ online database. Answer: used to find journal sources
โ control. Answer: is defined as the measures that the researcher uses to hole the conditions of the study uniform and avoid possible impingement of bias โ bias. Answer: distortion of the results on the dependent variable or outcome โ objectivity. Answer: the use of facts without the distortion by personal feelings or bias in the conceptualization of the problem โ accuracy. Answer: means that all aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the research problem โ pilot study. Answer: a small, simple study conducted as a prelude to a larger study โ feasibility. Answer: is the capacity if the study to be successful โ extraneous variable. Answer: AKA a mediating variable interferes with the operations of the phenomena being studied โ homogeneity. Answer: or the similarity with regard to the extraneous variables relevant to the particular study
โ selection bias. Answer: the threat to internal validity that arises when pretreatment differences exists between the experimental group and the way the participants are chosen โ external validity. Answer: concerns the generalizability of a investigations findings to additional populations and to other environmental conditions โ selection effects. Answer: is when a researcher cannot attain the ideal sample population โ reactivity. Answer: defined as the participants responses to being studied โ experimental designs. Answer: characterized three properties: randomization, control and manipulation โ quasiexperimental designs. Answer: in which random assignment is not used, but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used โ experiment. Answer: a scientific investigation that makes observations and collects data according to explicit criteria
โ true experiment. Answer: AKA a classic experiment has three identifying properties: randomization, control and manipulation โ randomized control trial (RCT). Answer: the gold standard is an experimental design that is the best at providing information about cause-and-effect relationships โ antecedent variable. Answer: occurs before the study but may affect the dependent variable and confound the results โ intervening variable. Answer: is a condition that occurs during the course of the study and is not part of the study affects the dependent variable and affect the study outcomes โ
