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NURS 231 PATHOPHYS FINAL EXAM
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- a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aawastingaoraCanceraanorexiaacachexiaasyndrome Whichaofatheafollowingaisanotaaariskafactoraforadevelopingacancer?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaSunscreen Allaofatheafollowingaviralaagentsaareacorrectlyapairedawithatheaassociatedalesionaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaEpstein-Barravirus:acarcinomaaofatheacervix Listaoneaexampleaofascreeningaforaeachamethod:aobservation,apalpation,aandalabatest/procedure:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaobservation:alookingaatatheaskina palpation:apalpatingabreastaforaabnormalamassesa Lab:apapasmearaswabbingaforacervicalacancer Explainatheachallengesaofadiagnosingaautoimmuneadisorders.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaThereaareaovera 80 aidentified,amanyawithaoverlappingapresentations.aManyamanifestationsaar eanonspecificaandaareaseenainaotheranon- autoimmuneadiseases.aBloodatestingaisn'taperfectaeither,aasasomeatestsaareamoreagenericaandacanabeaele vatedainatheapresenceaofaotheradiseases. Whichacellaisatheafirstaresponderatoaphagocytoseaaaforeignainvader?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aamonocyte Whataallowsathealymphocyteatoadifferentiateabetweenaselfaandaforeignamolecules?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaMajorahistocompatibilityacomplexa(MHC)amolecule Talymphocytesaproduceawhatatypeaofaimmunity?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaCell-mediated Whichaimmunoglobulinapassesaimmuneafactorsafromatheamotheratoatheafetus?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaIgG Whichacellatypeaisaanaearlyaresponderaandatheamostaabundantainatheabody?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaNeutrophils WhichafeatureaisaNOTaofaadaptiveaimmunity?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaEpitheliumaisaaadefenseamechanism
aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aa(1)aOpportunisticainfectionsaareathoseacommonaorganismsathatadoanotaproduceainfectionawit houtaimpairedaimmuneafunction.a(2)aThealastaphase,aoraAIDSaillness,aoccursawhenatheaCD4+acellacoun tafallsatoalessathana 200 acells/μLaoraexhibitsaanaAIDS- definingaillness.aTheariskaofaopportunisticainfectionsaandadeathaincreasesasignificantlyawhenatheaCD +acellacountafallsabelowa 200 acells/μL. WhichaprocessaisaNOTaincludedainawoundahealing?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaAcute-phasearesponse Whilealabileaandastableacellsacanaregenerateathemselves,a_______acellsaareaunableatoaundergoamitotica division.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaPermanentacells ____adisordersaoccurawhenatheaimmuneasystemafailsatoadifferentiateaselfafromanon-self.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaautoimmune TheatimeabetweenaHIVainfectionaandaseroconversionaisacalledawhat?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aatheawindowaperiod AapersonawithaHIVaisanotainfectiousawhenatheyaareaasymptomatic.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaFalse TheaTacellsathatadisplayatheahost'saMHCaantigensaandaT-cellareceptorsaforaaanonself- antigenaareaallowedatoamature,aaaprocessatermedanegativeaselection.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaFalse Whatacellamediatoraisatheaprimaryacauseaofavasodilationaseenainaacuteainflammation?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaHistamine Theathreeastagesaofahemostasisaincludeaeachaofatheafollowingaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaVascularadilation Whichacellainatheabloodaprovidesaprimaryahemostasisa-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaPlatelets Whichaofatheafollowingamedicationsawouldadecreaseaaaperson'sariskaforaclotting? aSelectaallathataapply.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aa1:aHeparin 2:awarfarin 3:alovenox Whichaofatheafollowingaisaaahypercoagulableastate?aSelectaallathataapply.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aacongestiveaheartafailure,asmoking,aandapost-surgicalastate WhichaofatheafollowingaareaTRUEaofahemophiliaaA?aSelectaallathataapply.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaSpontaneousajointableedingacanaoccur,a TheaPTTaisaincreased WhichaisaNOTaincludedainatheathreeaprinciplesaofabloodaflow?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaCompliance WhichaofatheafollowingadoesaNOTaaffectatheaheart'saabilityatoaincreaseaitsaoutput?a-a
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- a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaFolateadeficiency WhichaofatheafollowingaisaNOTatrueaofavitaminaB12adeficiencyaanemia?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaDietaryadeficienciesaareacommon Eachaofatheafollowingaareariskafactorsaforasecondaryahyperlipidemiaaexcept?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaAutosomaladominantadisorderaofaLDLareceptor Lifestyleachangesatoatreatahyperlipidemiaaincludeaeachaofatheafollowingaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaIncreasearedameataconsumption Riskafactorsaforaatherosclerosisaincludeaeachaofatheafollowingaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaFemaleagendera(pre-menopause) 1.aTheathreeamajoradeterminantsaofamyocardialaoxygenademanda(MVO2)aincludeaeachaofatheafollowin gaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaa.aDiastolicapressure 2.a______aisatheamostaimportantafactorainamyocardialaoxygenademand.aAsathisaincreases,amyocardiala oxygenaconsumptionaorademandaalsoaincreases.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaheartarate 3.aWhataisatheamostacommonacauseaofacardiogenicashock?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aamyocardialainfarction 4.aWhichadoesaNOTaoccuraduringacardiogenicashock?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aadecreasedasystemicavasculararesistance
Loseaweight,aexercise,adecreaseasaltaintake,adecreaseaalcoholaintake Diuretics,alikeathiazides,alowerabloodapressureabyadecreasingavascularavolume; Evenaafteraforcedaexpiration,aaasignificantaamountaofaairaremainsainathealungs.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTRUE Nearlyaallapulmonaryaemboliaareathrombiaarisingafromadeepaveinathrombosisainatheaupperaandalowerae xtremities.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aatrue ______ameasuresaexpiratoryavolumeainaaagivenatime.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaForcedaexpiratoryavolumea(FEV) Thea_____aareatheaactualasitesaofagasaexchangeabetweenatheaairaandablood.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaalveoli Intrapleuralapressureaisaalwaysanegativeainarelationatoaalveolarapressureainaaanormalainflatedalung.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aatrue Duringainspiration,aairaisadrawnaintoathealungsaandatheachestacavityaisadecreased.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aafalse Theadiaphragmaisatheaprimaryamuscleaofainspirationa-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aatrue Excessasurfaceatensionamakesalungainflationaharder.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTrue Lungavolumesacanabeameasuredausingaaa______.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaspirometer _____aisatheaflowaofagasesaintoaandaoutaofatheaalveoliaofathealungs.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaVentilation Whichaofatheafollowingacellsacontributeatoaairwayainflammationainaasthma?aSelectaallathataapply.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaEosinophils,amastacells,aneutrophils,aLeukotrienes,aandalymphocytes Alpha-1aantitrypsinadeficiencyaisamostalikelyaseenainawhichadiseaseaprocess?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaEmphysema Histologically,achronicabronchitisawouldaexhibitaeachaofatheafollowingaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaEnlargementaofatheaairspaces EachaofatheafollowingaareaTRUEaofaARDSaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaPresentsawithadecreasedarespiratoryarate Aa30-year- oldamanaisabroughtatoatheaERawithaaaknifeawoundatoatheachest.aOnavisualainspection,aasymmetryaofache stamovementaduringainspiration,adisplacementaofatheatrachea,aandaabsenceaofabreathasoundsaonatheasid eaofatheawoundaareanoted.aHisaneckaveinsaareadistended,aandahisapulseaisarapidaandathready. Whataisayourainitialadiagnosis? Whatatypeaofaemergentatreatmentaisanecessary?a-a
aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aa1)atensionapneumothorax 2)achestatube Whenaisatheariskaforaobstructiveaatelectasisatheagreatest? aWhataareastrategiesatoadecreaseatheachanceaforadevelopingaatelectasis?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTheariskaofaobstructiveaatelectasisaisaincreasedafollowingasurgery.aAnesthesia,apainaandapaina medications,aandaimmobilityapromotearetentionaofabronchialasecretions.aPatientsaareaencouragedatoafr equentlyacough,adeepabreath,achangeapositions,ahydrateaadequately,aandaambulateaearlyatoapreventaatel ectasis. ExplainawhyatheaoxygenaflowarateaforapeopleawithaCOPDaisanormallyatitratedatoamaintainatheaarteriala PO2abetweena 60 aanda 65 ammaHg.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTheiramedullaryarespiratoryacenterahasaadaptedatoatheaelevatedaCO2alevelsaandanoalongerares pondsatoaincreasesainaPCO2.aTherefore,aaadecreaseainaPO2abecomesatheastimulusaforarespiration.aIfaox ygenaisagivenaatatooahighaofaaarate,aitasuppressesatheastimulusaandathearespiratoryadrive. Eachaofatheafollowingacanaleadatoaatelectasisaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaThrombus SomeoneawithaCOPDawouldaexhibitaeachaofatheafollowingacharacteristicsaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaIncreasedaD-dimeralevels Ventilationa-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTheaflowaofagasesaintoaandaoutaofatheaalveoliaofathealungs Perfusiona-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTheaflowaofabloodainatheaadjacentapulmonaryacapillaries Diffusiona-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTheatransferaofagasesabetweenatheaalveoliaandatheapulmonaryacapillaries Eachaofatheafollowingadisordersaareacorrectlyapairedawitharelatedacharacteristicsaexcept:a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaAtelectasisa-adecreasedarespiratoryarate Aapatientahasaexperiencedaaaseizureaaffectingathealeftatemporalalobe.aTheafamilyareportsathatatheapatien taexhibitedarepetitivealipasmackingaandahandarubbingafollowedabyaaaperiodaofagreatafearaandainsecurity .aTheyahaveaexperiencedawhichatypeaofaseizure?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaFocalaseizureawithaimpairmentaofaconsciousnessaoraawareness Voluntaryatongueamovementsaareacontrolledabyawhichacranialanerve?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaCNaXII. YouaareaseeingaaapatientawithaParkinson'sadiseaseainayouraoffice.aYouafeelaaacatchaasayouapassivelyatak eatheiraarmathroughaflexionaandaextension.aThisaisaanaexampleaofawhataphysicalamanifestationaofathead isease?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaCogwheeling Sleepaspindlesaareacharacteristicaofawhichastageaofasleep?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaStagea 2
aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaFalse,avitalasignsadecreaseaduringastagea 1 aofaNREMasleep. SomeoneainatheaearlyastagesaofaAlzheimer'sadiseasearequiresaassistanceaforatheiraactivitiesaofadailyalivi ng.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaFalse,ainatheaearlyastagesaofaAlzheimer'sadisease,aindividualsaareastillaindependentawithatheira ADLs. Explainahowaaachemicalasynapseaproducesaanaexcitatoryaorainhibitoryasignal.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaTheapresynapticaneuronawillasecreteaneurotransmittersawhichadiffuseaintoatheasynapticaclefta andabindatoaexcitatoryaorainhibitoryareceptorsaonatheapostsynapticamembraneaelicitingaanaexcitatoryaor ainhibitoryasignalainaoneadirection. Youaareababysittingaaa7-year- oldachildawithaaaknownahistoryaofaseizureaactivity.aYouanoticeatheyaappearaflushedaandaseemaunrespon sive.aYouaaskaifatheyaareafeelingaalrightaandatheyastareaatayouablankly.aAfteraaafewasecondsatheyaactaasai fanothingahappenedaandareturnatoaplay.aIsathisaaageneralizedaorafocalaseizure? aBasedauponathisadescription,awhataspecificatypeaofaseizureadidathisaindividualaexperience?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaGeneralized,aAbsenceaseizure CompareaandaContrastabreathingapatternsabetweenaNREMaandaREMasleepa(includeaaadiscussionaonath easpecificastagesaofaNREMasleep.)a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaInastagesa 1 aanda 2 aNREMasleepaasawellaasainaREMasleep,abreathingaisairregular,aandabriefaperi odsaofaapneaaareaoftenaobserveda(approximatelya5- 15 aseconds.)aDuringastagesa 3 aanda 4 aofadeepasleep,abreathingabecomesaregular. Aapatientareportsatoatheaemergencyadepartmentawhereayouaareaworkingaata 10 apm.aTheyareportathataearl ierainatheadayabeginningaataapproximatelya 9 aamatheyabeganatoaexperienceatinglingainatheirarightaarm.aT heyadecidedatoaignoreaitathinkingaitawasaprobablyaaaresultaofaallatheagardeningatheyadidatheadayabefore.a Asatheadayawentaon,atheatinglingasensationagotaworse,aandatheyastartedatoahaveadifficultyaspeaking.aTh eapatient'saspouseareportedathatatheyawereaslurringatheirawords.aPastamedicalahistoryaincludesaaadiagno sisaofadiabetesaandahypercholesteremia.aByatheatimeatheyaareaevaluated,atheirasymptomsastartatoasubsi de.aTheatinglingadisappearsaandatheiraspeechareturnsatoanormal.aWhatadoayouasuspectathisapatientahasae xperienced?aWhataevidenceaisathereatoasupportathatadiagnosis?a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaThisapatientahasaexperiencedaaaTIA.aTheyahaveaexperiencedasymptomsaconsistentawithaoxyg enadeprivationatoatheabrain,ahoweveratheirasymptomsasubsidedawithina 24 ahoursaofatheiraonset. Aa75-year- oldamaleaisabroughtatoatheaemergencyadepartmentabyatheiraspouseaata 8 apm.aTheaspouseareportsathatathe yawereacleaningaupaafteradinneraataapproximatelya6:30apm,aandasheanoticedathataherahusband'saspeecha wasaveryaunclear.aWhenasheaaskedahimawhatawasagoingaon,aheasaidathataheadidn'taknowaandathatatheaen tirearightasideaofahisafaceafeltanumb.aSheareportsathataheaisaveryaactive,abutaheahasaaapastamedicalahistor yaofaatrialafibrillation.aBasedauponatheseasymptomsaandapastamedicalahistory,awhatadoayouasuspectathis apatientaisaexperiencing?aHowawouldayouaconfirmathisadiagnosis? aWhatatreatmentashouldabeaadministered?aExplainawhyayouachoseathatatreatment.a-a aaaaaaaaaaa☑️ aaThisapatientaisamoreathanalikelyaexperiencingaanaischemicastroke.aAaCTascanaandaMRIawoul dabeaneededatoadetermineaifaaaclotawasablockingabloodaflowatoatheabrainatissueaandatoaruleaoutaaahemorr hagicastroke.aIfaaaclotaisafound,athisapatientashouldareceiveatPAadrugsaasatheyaareawithinathea3- 4.5ahouratreatmentawindow. Youaareaseeingaaapatientainayouraofficeawithaaaprimaryacomplaintaofaexcessiveadaytimeasleepiness.aThe iraspouseareportsathatatheyasnorealoudlyaandaoftenawakeaupagaspingaforaair.aWhatatypeaofasleepadisorde radoayouasuspectatheyaareaexperiencinga(beaspecific)?
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