NURS231 BIOD331 Module 1 Exam 2026 (PDF) | Pathophysiology | Portage Learning, Exams of Pathophysiology

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➢ Updated 2 Version Exam + Study Guide

➢ True & False Questions

➢ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

➢ Expert-Verified Explanations

Table of Contents

BIOD 331 MODULE 1 EXAM VERSION 1 ..................................................... 2

BIOD 331 MODULE 1 EXAM VERSION 2 ................................................... 11

BIOD 331 MODULE 1 EXAM STUDY GUIDE .............................................. 27

BIOD 331 MODULE 1 EXAM VERSION 1

1. True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. Correct Answer: True

Verified Explanation: Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size of cells and consequently the affected organ. It can be physiologic, such as muscle growth from exercise, or pathologic, as in cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension.

additional genetic and morphologic changes, evolving into dysplasia, which is a preneoplastic lesion (a precursor to cancer).

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5. True/False: Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia. Correct Answer: False

Verified Explanation: Barrett esophagus is characterized by the replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus with columnar epithelium, a classic example of metaplasia, not dysplasia.

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6. True/False: Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer. Correct Answer: True

Verified Explanation: Dysplasia denotes disordered growth with cellular atypia. Persistent and progressive dysplasia can traverse to carcinoma in situ and eventually invasive cancer if the inciting cause is not eliminated.

7. Which of the following are true of the cell? (Select all that apply): Correct Answer:

• Proteins carry out functions of the cell membrane.
• Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell.
• Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures.

Verified Explanation: Protein channels and receptors enable membrane function; lysosomes degrade cellular materials; microfilaments provide structural and motility support.

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8. Which are true of the cell membrane? (Select all that apply): Correct Answer:

• Controls the transport of materials from outside fluids to within.
• Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells.
• Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.

Verified Explanation: The cell membrane is semipermeable, essential for electrochemical gradients, and participates in signaling pathways vital for proliferation.

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9. Which are false of the mitochondria? (Select all that apply): Correct Answer:

• They are found far from the site of energy consumption.
• They control free radicals.

Verified Explanation: Mitochondria are strategically located near areas of high ATP demand and, while they are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, they do not control free radicals directly.

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• Gender
• Lifestyle Verified Explanation: Disease prevalence and presentation can vary with age, race, gender, and lifestyle, making these factors critical to accurate diagnosis.

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14. Define tertiary prevention and give an example: Correct Answer: Tertiary prevention aims to reduce complications or deterioration after a disease diagnosis has been made, often involving clinical interventions. Example: Administration of beta-blockers post-myocardial infarction to prevent recurrent events. Verified Explanation: Tertiary prevention minimizes ongoing disability and improves quality of life following disease onset.

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15. Explain apoptosis and why it is necessary: Correct Answer: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis by removing unnecessary or potentially harmful cells. Verified Explanation: Apoptosis prevents accumulation of defective cells, removing those with genetic mutations, aiding in normal development and physiological cell turnover, such as in the intestinal mucosa or immune system.

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16. Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis: Correct Answer: Necrosis refers to unregulated cell death in living tissue, often resulting from injury.

Example:

- Coagulative necrosis: Most commonly occurs in the heart after an ischemic event (myocardial infarction), where the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for some days. Verified Explanation: Necrosis typically induces inflammation and impedes tissue regeneration, with the pattern (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, or gangrenous) reflecting the underlying cause and affected tissue.

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17. Match the type of cell injury to its cause (examples required): - Physical agents: Trauma, extreme temperatures, radiation - Radiation injury: Ionizing radiation leading to DNA damage - Chemical injury: Toxins, poisons, drugs, alcohol - Biologic agents: Bacteria, viruses, parasites - Nutritional imbalances: Vitamin deficiencies, excesses - Free radical injury: Oxidative stress - Hypoxic cell injury: Ischemia, anemia Verified Explanation: Each type of cell injury disrupts normal cell function by different mechanisms—mechanical, chemical, infectious, metabolic, or through inadequate oxygenation.

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18. List the four types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give description and example of each: - Epithelial tissue: Forms protective barriers and is involved in absorption/secretion; e.g., lining of intestinal tract. - Connective tissue: Supports, connects, or separates tissues/organs; e.g., bone, adipose tissue.

22. What is diffusion of water called?:

• Osmosis Verified Explanation: Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher concentration, vital for cellular hydration and homeostasis.

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BIOD 331 MODULE 1 EXAM VERSION 2

1. Match the definition with the term:

• Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease
• How likely the same result will occur if repeated
• How a tool measures what it is intended to measure
• People without the disease who are negative on a given test

a. Validity b. Reliability c. Sensitivity d. Specificity

Correct Answer: Proportion of people with a disease who are positive—C. Sensitivity How likely the same result will occur—B. Reliability How a tool measures what it is intended for—A. Validity People without the disease who are negative—D. Specificity

Verified Explanation: Sensitivity quantifies true positives, specificity true negatives, validity assesses accuracy of measurement, and reliability reflects consistency.

2. T/F: Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia. Correct Answer: False Verified Explanation: Barrett esophagus is characterized by metaplasia—the replacement of esophageal squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium, not dysplasia, although dysplasia can develop as a complication.

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3. T/F: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a type of dysplasia. Correct Answer: True Verified Explanation: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia refers to the disordered growth and maturation of cervical epithelial cells, which is clinically and histologically classified as dysplasia.

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4. T/F: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. Correct Answer: True Verified Explanation: Hypertrophy may be physiological, as in athlete’s skeletal muscle growth, or pathological, such as cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension
5. T/F: Nutritional deprivation can cause tissue to atrophy. Correct Answer: True Verified Explanation: Nutritional deprivation leads to cell and tissue atrophy as the cell reduces its size and metabolic activity to conserve resources, a well-established phenomenon in chronic malnutrition and starvation

8. Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply.

• Controls the transport of materials from the outside
• The main structural component is made of proteins
• Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
• Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation

Correct Answer:

• Controls the transport of materials from the outside
• Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
• Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation

Verified Explanation: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, plays a key role in electrical impulse generation, and has regulatory functions in cell growth via signaling pathways.

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9. Which are FALSE of the mitochondria? Select ALL that apply.

• It is involved in cellular respiration.
• They are found far from the site of energy consumption.
• Play a role in apoptosis.
• They control free radicals.

Correct Answer:

• They are found far from the site of energy consumption.
• They control free radicals.

Verified Explanation: Mitochondria are typically concentrated near sites of high energy usage, such as contractile rings in muscle. While they generate reactive oxygen species as a byproduct, their main role is not the control of free radicals but cellular respiration and apoptosis

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10. High blood pressure is an example of which of the following?

• Pathology
• Pathophysiology
• Physiology
• No answer text provided

Correct Answer: Pathophysiology Verified Explanation: Pathophysiology is the study of altered physiological processes, such as those seen in hypertension.

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11. A patient complains of a sore throat and headache. What are these examples of?

• Signs
• Symptoms
• Both A and B

Correct Answer: Symptoms Verified Explanation: Symptoms are subjective complaints reported by the patient, while signs are objectively measured or observed

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14. Define secondary prevention and give an example: Correct Answer: Secondary prevention aims to identify and treat a disease at an early, asymptomatic stage to halt its progression. Example: Pap smear for cervical cancer screening or colonoscopy for colorectal cancer.

Verified Explanation: Detecting disease in the preclinical stage is the goal of secondary prevention (CDC, Prevention Terminology).

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15. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis: Correct Answer: Dry gangrene results from arterial blockage without infection, causing tissue desiccation, shrinkage, and dark coloration. Wet gangrene involves bacterial infection atop impaired venous return, leading to swollen, moist, and black tissue and a risk of sepsis.

Verified Explanation: Clinical features differ primarily by infection and tissue moisture

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16. Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis: Correct Answer: Necrosis refers to the premature, non-programmed cell death within living tissues, often eliciting inflammation. Gangrenous necrosis (e.g., lower limb with compromised blood supply) involves massive tissue necrosis, with or without bacterial superinfection.

Verified Explanation: Necrosis disrupts tissue structure and invokes leukocyte response

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17. Match the type of cell injury to the cause.
18. Viruses – d. Biologic agents
19. Alcohol – c. Chemical injury
20. Reactive oxygen species – f. Free radical injury
21. Electrical burn – a. Physical agents
22. Thermal burn – a. Physical agents
23. Iron deficiency anemia – e. Nutritional imbalances
24. Mercury toxicity – c. Chemical injury
25. Low oxygen to tissues – g. Hypoxic cell injury
26. Parasites – d. Biologic agents
27. Fractures – a. Physical agents

Verified Explanation: This matches causative factors with the general categories of cell injury per pathological classification.

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18. List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each: Correct Answer: The four types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms surfaces and linings (e.g., epidermis); it functions as a barrier and does not contain blood vessels.

Verified Explanation: The membrane potential is essential for electrical signaling in neurons and muscle fibers (Guyton & Hall).

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22. What is the diffusion of water called?: Correct Answer: Osmosis

Verified Explanation: Osmosis describes passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from areas of lower to higher solute concentration.

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23. What is the most studied active transport system in the human body?: Correct Answer: Sodium-potassium ATPase pump

Verified Explanation: This pump maintains critical ion gradients in most animal cells.

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24. What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient?: Correct Answer: Active transport

Verified Explanation: Active transport requires ATP to move substances against concentration/electrochemical gradients.

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25. What is the term that describes a transport protein to help lipid soluble or large molecules pass through the membrane, that otherwise would not be able to get through?: Correct Answer: Facilitated diffusion

Verified Explanation: Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins for passive transport of substances down their gradient.

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26. Which of the following is the effect of an illness on one's life?: Correct Answer: Morbidity

Verified Explanation: Morbidity refers to the impact of disease on the patient's quality of life and functional status.

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27. Which of the following is true of a test's sensitivity?: Correct Answer: If negative, it can safely be assumed that the person does not have a disease

Verified Explanation: High sensitivity means few false negatives; a negative result confidently excludes disease.

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28. A patient has a fever and rash. What are these examples of?: Correct Answer: Signs