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SCR.110 Nursing and Nursing Process
Lecture 1
Paradigm - ANSWER>>>>>>>A typical example or pattern of something; a model. Paradigm - ANSWER>>>>>>>Links science, philosophy, and theories accepted and applied by a discipline. Nursing Paradigm - ANSWER>>>>>>>Links person, health, environment/situation, and nursing. LaGuardia Philosophy of Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>We have intellect & free will, capable of self-direction; assume responsibility for our own behavior, Do not exist alone; as members of a family, etc. with beliefs that influence development etc., Need: Rest & activity, elimination, acceptance & belonging, safety & comfort, oxygen, & nutrition. Health - ANSWER>>>>>>>Dynamic state of well being & is a continuum from wellness to illness, Being in a state of wellness means meeting basic needs. Everyone is different, this affects their ability to meet needs, Failure may create a problem for which may require varying degrees of assistance from health care providers. Professional Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>Diagnoses & treats human responses to actual or potential problems. Independent & dependent functions & responsibilities. Directed towards the delivery of preventive, supportive, & restorative aspects of health care. Applies scientific principles to the use of the nursing process. Professional Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>The goal is to assist human beings to attain or regain a state of optimal physical, psychosocial, & spiritual wellness during the life process. When this goal is not possible, nursing lends dignity & meaning to death. Theory - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Contains a set of concepts, definitions, and assumptions of propositions that explain a phenomenon.
- Provide: A) A perspective from which to view patient situations. B) A way to organize data. C) A method for analyzing and interpreting information.
- Guide the design of Nursing interventions. Nursing Theory - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) A conceptualization of some aspect of nursing.
- Describes, explains, predicts, and/or prescribes nursing care and guides practice. Conceptual Framework - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Group of concepts...provide a focus...a tool for the integration and interpretation.
- Basis for many theories, such as communication theory and general systems theory.
- Provide a foundation and organization for the educational plan. LaGuardia Nursing Program Educational Philosophy supports the Needs Conceptual Framework - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) The major concepts of philosophy are persons, health, and nursing.
- You will be able to provide competent care, utilizing critical thinking in a variety of structured settings and function in a culturally diverse society.
- Expectations...become increasingly complex with successive courses. LaGuardia Nursing Program Education Needs Conceptual Framework - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) R - Rest and Activity
- E - Elimination
- A - Acceptance and belonging
- S - Safety and Comfort
- O - Oxygen
- N - Nutrition Mas low's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Emphasize identifying a patient's individual needs.
- Prioritizing those needs.
- Encouraging the patient's individual discovery of self (self actualization).
- They are from most highest priority to lowest priority: A) Physiological B) Safety C) Love/belonging D) Esteem E) Self-actualization Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.. Nurses "Are" - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) A provider of care.
- A manager of care.
- A member within the discipline of nursing. Steps of the Nursing Process - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) A - Assessment
- D - Diagnosis
- P - Planning
- I - Implementation
- E - Evaluation Healthy People Documents - ANSWER>>>>>>>National health care goals which first started in 1979 with the publication of Health People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease. Healthy People 2000 results showed that infant mortality rates decrease and childhood immunizations went up. Healthy People Documents - ANSWER>>>>>>>Healthy People 2010 served as a road map for improving the health of all people in the United States.Health People 2020 looks towards the future and has added a few new categories.
Risk Factors - ANSWER>>>>>>>Threaten health, influence health practices, and are important considerations in illness prevention activities which increase the vulnerability of an individual or group and include:
- Genetic and psychological
- Age
- Environment
- Lifestyle Changing Health Behaviors Steps - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance Stage Precontemplation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Not intending to make changes within the next 6 months. Contemplation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Considering change within the next 6 months. Preparation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Making small changes in preparation for change in the next month. Action - ANSWER>>>>>>>Actively engaged in strategies to change behavior; lasts up to 6 months. Maintenance Stage - ANSWER>>>>>>>Sustained change over time; begins after 6 months after action has started and continued indefinitely. Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Does not always indicate the presence of disease
- State in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual function is diminished or impaired. Acute Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>Short duration and severe which lasts less than 6 months. Chronic Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>Persist longer than 6 months. Illness Behavior - ANSWER>>>>>>>Involves how people monitor their bodies and involves internal and external variables. Impact of Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>It's never an isolated event. Patient Teaching: Lifestyle Changes - ANSWER>>>>>>>Objectives which include an expected outcome and goal. Teaching strategies include: Active listening, Identify Perceived Barriers, Establish Goals, Reinforce the Process, Written Resources at the
Appropriate Reading Level, Materials are culturally appropriate, & Family Members to Support Legal Definition of Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>There are three definitions used for Diagnosing, Treating, and Human Responses. Nursing Process - ANSWER>>>>>>>Organized framework which gives the nurse direction, Helps determine the client's problems, Based on 5 steps which are completed in sequential order, Based on outcomes and goals, It's evaluated, reviewed, & changed, Assists the nurse in assisting the client to reach their greatest level of health. Scientific Method of Problem Solving - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Identify the Problem
- Collect data and examine findings
- Formulate a diagnosis
- Develop a plan of action
- Test the plan
- Interpret results Advantages of Nursing Process - ANSWER>>>>>>>Develops clear, individualized, & efficient plans of care, promotes continuity of care & effective communication among nurses & healthcare professionals, gives personal satisfaction & professional growth as the client achieves goals while evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. 5 Steps in the Nursing Process - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Assessment
- Nursing Diagnosis
- Planning
- Implementing
- Evaluating Assessment - ANSWER>>>>>>>First step of the Nursing Process which is to gather information or collect data. Primary Source - ANSWER>>>>>>>Client or Family, but in most cases it's from the client. Secondary Source - ANSWER>>>>>>>Physical exam, nursing history, team members, lab reports, diagnostic tests... Subjective - ANSWER>>>>>>>From the Client Objective - ANSWER>>>>>>>Observable Data Assessment (Collecting Data) - ANSWER>>>>>>>Nursing Interview, Health Assessment which is a review of systems, Physical Exam which includes Inspection, Palpation, Percussion & Auscultation, Make sure information is complete & accurate,
Goals - ANSWER>>>>>>>Determine the specific outcome desired by the client. Short term goals - ANSWER>>>>>>>Specific-time frame Long term goals - ANSWER>>>>>>>Broader time frame. Cognitive Goal - ANSWER>>>>>>>Outcome or goal where the client gains new knowledge. Psycho motor goal - ANSWER>>>>>>>Outcome or goal in which the client acquires a new skill. Affective goal - ANSWER>>>>>>>Outcome or goal in which the client's values or attitudes change. Identify which stage of the nursing process is being described: "The nurse writes nursing interventions." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Implementation Identify which stage of the nursing process is being described: "A goal is agreed upon."
- ANSWER>>>>>>>Planning Identify which stage of the nursing process is being described: "The nurse performs a physical assessment." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Assessment Identify which stage of the nursing process is being described: "A revision is made to the Nursing Care Plan." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Evaluation Identify which stage of the nursing process is being described: "The nurse administers antibiotic medication." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Implementation Identify which stage of the nursing process is being described: "A statement is written that outlines the clients response to a potential health problem." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Diagnosis Identify the statement as objective or subjective data: "RR 22/min even and unlabored."
- ANSWER>>>>>>>Objective Identify the statement as objective or subjective data: "I can only walk 3 blocks before my legs start to hurt." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Subjective Identify the statement as objective or subjective data: "Pain rated 3 on a a scale of 0- 10." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Subjective Identify the statement as objective or subjective data: "Skin pink, warm and dry." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Objective
Identify the statement as objective or subjective data: "Urine output 300ml/8hr." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Objective Identify the statement as objective or subjective data: "My wife doesn't come visit very often." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Subjective Identify the statement as objective or subjective data: "Dressing clean, dry, and intact." - ANSWER>>>>>>>Objective Which of the following subjective data should the nurse record in the client's medical record? A) Breath sounds clear to auscultation B) Amber urine in sufficient quantities C) Pain intensity 8 out 10 D) Skin warm and dry - ANSWER>>>>>>>C) Pain intensity 8 out of 10 Which is an example of an open-ended style sentence the nurse might use? A) Do you have any concerns right now? B) Is your family worried about you being in the hospital? C) How many times do you get up to go to the bathroom at night? D) What do you mean when you say, I don't feel quite right? - ANSWER>>>>>>>D) What do you mean when you say, I don't feel quite right? In order for an actual nursing diagnosis to be valid, it must have one or more of which of the following supportive data? A) Laboratory results B) Diagnostic data C) Defining characteristics D) Medical Diagnosis - ANSWER>>>>>>>B) Diagnostic data Critical Thinking - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Continuous process...continual inquiry...willingness to look at each unique patient situation.
- Analyzing information, evaluating information, and making conclusions. Clinical Decisions in Nursing Practice - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Requires Critical thinking, reflective thinking, and action based on application of scientific and practical logic which is evidence based practice
- Separate professional nurses from technical and ancillary staff.
- Need to seek knowledge, act quickly, and make sound clinical decisions. Critical Thinking Skills - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Interpretation, Analysis, Inference, Evaluation, Explanation or Rationale, and Self-regulation. Interpretation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Patterns to categorize data.
Standards Used With Critical Thinking - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Intellectual and Professional Intellectual Standard - ANSWER>>>>>>>A guideline or principle for rational thought. It's used during assessment to ensure that you obtain a complete database of information. Professional Standard - ANSWER>>>>>>>Ethical criteria, evidenced based criteria, and criteria for professional responsibility. Attitudes a Nurse Needs - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Perseverance, Creativity, Curiosity, Integrity, Humility, Confidence, Independence, Fairness, Responsibility, Risk Taking, and Discipline. The use of diagnostic reasoning involves a rigorous approach to clinical practice and demonstrates that critical thinking cannot be done. Select all that apply. A) Logically. B) Based on subjective data. C) Totally independently. D) In a vacuum. - ANSWER>>>>>>>B) Based on subjective data. D) In a vacuum. How to Develop Critical Skills - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Reflective Journaling and Concept Mapping. Reflective Journaling - ANSWER>>>>>>>A tool used to clarify concepts through reflection by thinking back or recalling situations. You define & express the clinical experience in your own words & you're able to explore personal perceptions of each situation while improving your observation, descriptive, & writing skills. Concept Mapping - ANSWER>>>>>>>A visual representation of patient problems & interventions that illustrates an interrelationship. Caring for Groups of Patients - ANSWER>>>>>>>Identify the nursing diagnoses & collaborative problems, Decide which are most urgent, Time it will take, Involve the patients/family as participants, Combine activities, Procedures to delegate, Collaborative resources...Complex cases with the healthcare team. Meeting with Colleagues - ANSWER>>>>>>>Must have a formal means to discuss experiences & when they are able to do so, it validates good practice and offers challenges & constructive criticism while promoting self-reflective critical thinking. Review: Five-Step Nursing Process Model - ANSWER>>>>>>>Purpose is to diagnose & treat human responses to actual or potential health problems, Human responses include symptoms, reactions to treatment, knowledge needs & coping with loss, Client- centered outcomes to improve health while critical thinking competencies in each step.
Review Components of Critical Thinking in Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Specific knowledge base in nursing, Experience, Critical thinking competencies, Attitudes for critical thinking, & Standards for critical thinking The nursing process organizes your approach while delivering nursing care. To provide the best professional care to patients, nurses need to incorporate both the nursing process and A) Decision making. B) Problem solving. C) Intellectual standards. D) Critical thinking skills. - ANSWER>>>>>>>D) Critical thinking skills. Synthesis of Critical Thinking with the Nursing Process Competency - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Synthesis & Critical thinking. Synthesis - ANSWER>>>>>>>Is the combination of ideas to form a theory incorporating the elements of critical thinking into Nursing Process Critical Thinking as it Relates to the Synthesis of Critical Thinking with the Nursing Process - ANSWER>>>>>>>A desire to grow intellectually using a reasoning process to reflect on and analyze thoughts, actions, and knowledge. Legal Limits of Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>This comes from Standards of care and Statutory, Regulatory, & Common law. Statutory Law - ANSWER>>>>>>>Defines the legal boundaries of nursing in each state. It includes Criminal and Civil law. Criminal Law - ANSWER>>>>>>>Conduct that threatens or harms public safety or welfare. It includes felonies and misdemeanors. Felonies - ANSWER>>>>>>>Serious with penalty of imprisonment for more than one year. Misdemeanors - ANSWER>>>>>>>Less serious imprisonment for less than one year. Civil Law - ANSWER>>>>>>>Protect the rights of the individual usually involves the payment of a fine for damages. Regulatory Law (Administrative Law) - ANSWER>>>>>>>Duty to report incompetent or unethical nursing conduct to the Board of Nursing. Common Law (Judicial Decisions) - ANSWER>>>>>>>Concerning individual cases. Most of these revolve around Tort law which includes negligence and malpractice.
The Federal Nursing Home Reform Act - ANSWER>>>>>>>From 1987, gave residents in certified nursing homes the right to be free of unnecessary & in appropriate restraints. Also The Joint Commission and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services - ANSWER>>>>>>>From 2004, regulates the use of restraints. Inappropriate use of restraints violates both state & federal regulations, use means abuse. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) - ANSWER>>>>>>>From 1996, protects employees from losing their health insurance when changing jobs by providing portability. Privacy & confidentiality are important factors of the privacy section. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) - ANSWER>>>>>>>The privacy section has rules for patient's rights to consent to use and to disclose protected health information, to inspect & copy one's own medical records & to amend mistaken or incomplete information. State Statutory Issues in Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Licensure, Good Samaritan Laws, Public Health Laws, Uniform Determination of Death Act, & Oregon Death With Dignity Act. Licensure - ANSWER>>>>>>>State Board of Nursing licenses all registered nurses in each state and vary with minimal requirements. You are being prepared for NCLEX- RNĀ®. Good Samaritan Laws - ANSWER>>>>>>>Nurses providing care at the scene of an accident are covered in all states which give nurses legal immunity as long as you are working within your scope of practice. Two states require nurses to stop for an emergency. States that Require Nurses to Stop for an Emergency - ANSWER>>>>>>>Minnesota and Vermont Public Health Laws - ANSWER>>>>>>>Statutes exist about reporting laws for communicable diseases, required school immunizations, etc. to reduce health risks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) & Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) - ANSWER>>>>>>>Provide health guidelines on a national level. Uniform Determination of Death Act - ANSWER>>>>>>>From 1980, states that health care providers can use cardiopulmonary definition or the whole brain definition to determine death which facilitate organ recovery.
Cardiopulmonary Definition - ANSWER>>>>>>>Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions. Whole Brain Definition - ANSWER>>>>>>>Irreversible cessation of all function of the entire brain, including the brain stem. Oregon Death With Dignity Act - ANSWER>>>>>>>From 1994, was the first statute permitting physician assisted suicide. It stipulates that terminal and competent patients could request orally or in writing for medications to end life in a human, dignified manner. Terminal - ANSWER>>>>>>>Incurable, Irreversible, Usually 6 months. A nurse is caring for a chronically ill patient who states, "I just want to die." For the nurse to assist the client understand what he/she needs to consider with this request, the nurse should discuss A) Living wills. B) Assisted suicide. C) Passive euthanasia. D) Advance directives. - ANSWER>>>>>>>D) Advance directives. Statutory Guidelines for Legal Consent for Medical Treatment - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Signed Consent, Informed Consent, & Adults & Minors. If any patient is deaf or illiterate or speaks a foreign language, an official interpreter must be present to explain the terms of consent. Signed Consent - ANSWER>>>>>>>Required for all routine treatment, hazardous procedures, and research involving patients. Informed Consent - ANSWER>>>>>>>A person's knowledgeable agreement to allow invasive procedures, based on full disclosure of risks, benefits, alternatives, and consequences of refusal. Adults - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Any competent individual 18 years of age or older for himself or herself, Any parent for his or her unemancipated minor, & Any guardian for his or her ward Adults - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Any adult for the treatment of his or her minor brother or sister only if in an emergency & parents are not present, & Any grandparent for a minor grandchild only if an emergency & parents are not present. Minors Can Give "Consent" - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: For his or her child & any child in his or her legal custody & for himself or herself in particular situations.
Malpractice Insurance - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Faculty & students must carry their own Malpractice insurance & Working as a private duty nurse or volunteer for family is not covered by hospital. You must carry your own malpractice insurance. A student nurse employed as a nursing assistant may perform care. A) As learned in school. B) Expected of a nurse at that level. C) Identified in the hospital's job description. D) Requiring technical rather than professional skills. - ANSWER>>>>>>>C) Identified in the hospital's job description. Abandonment & Assignment - ANSWER>>>>>>>Include: Short staffing, Floating, & Physician's orders Short Staffing - ANSWER>>>>>>>Legal problems occur if inadequate numbers of nurses will provide care. Floating - ANSWER>>>>>>>Based on census load & patient activities can cause legal problems for nurses, especially if they are not qualified or trained to work with a specific patient cohort. Should request orientation. Physician's Orders - ANSWER>>>>>>>Nurses follow orders unless they believe an order is given in error or is harmful & then need to seek further clarification. If a verbal order is written, it must be signed by the physician within 24 hours. Verbal orders and test results need to be recorded and read back to verify. You are about to administer an oral medication and you question the dosage. How should you respond? A) Administer the medication. B) Consult with the physician. C) Withhold the medication. D) Document that the dosage appears incorrect. - ANSWER>>>>>>>B) Consult with the physician. Paradigm - ANSWER>>>>>>>A typical example or pattern of something; a model. Paradigm - ANSWER>>>>>>>Links science, philosophy, and theories accepted and applied by a discipline. Nursing Paradigm - ANSWER>>>>>>>Links person, health, environment/situation, and nursing.
LaGuardia Philosophy of Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>We have intellect & free will, capable of self-direction; assume responsibility for our own behavior, Do not exist alone; as members of a family, etc. with beliefs that influence development etc., Need: Rest & activity, elimination, acceptance & belonging, safety & comfort, oxygen, & nutrition. Health - ANSWER>>>>>>>Dynamic state of well being & is a continuum from wellness to illness, Being in a state of wellness means meeting basic needs. Everyone is different, this affects their ability to meet needs, Failure may create a problem for which may require varying degrees of assistance from health care providers. Professional Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>Diagnoses & treats human responses to actual or potential problems. Independent & dependent functions & responsibilities. Directed towards the delivery of preventive, supportive, & restorative aspects of health care. Applies scientific principles to the use of the nursing process. Professional Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>The goal is to assist human beings to attain or regain a state of optimal physical, psychosocial, & spiritual wellness during the life process. When this goal is not possible, nursing lends dignity & meaning to death. Theory - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Contains a set of concepts, definitions, and assumptions of propositions that explain a phenomenon.
- Provide: A) A perspective from which to view patient situations. B) A way to organize data. C) A method for analyzing and interpreting information.
- Guide the design of Nursing interventions. Nursing Theory - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) A conceptualization of some aspect of nursing.
- Describes, explains, predicts, and/or prescribes nursing care and guides practice. Conceptual Framework - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Group of concepts...provide a focus...a tool for the integration and interpretation.
- Basis for many theories, such as communication theory and general systems theory.
- Provide a foundation and organization for the educational plan. LaGuardia Nursing Program Educational Philosophy supports the Needs Conceptual Framework - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) The major concepts of philosophy are persons, health, and nursing.
- You will be able to provide competent care, utilizing critical thinking in a variety of structured settings and function in a culturally diverse society.
- Expectations...become increasingly complex with successive courses. LaGuardia Nursing Program Education Needs Conceptual Framework - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) R - Rest and Activity
- E - Elimination
- A - Acceptance and belonging
- S - Safety and Comfort
- O - Oxygen
Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices - ANSWER>>>>>>>Internal and external variables that can positively or negatively influence health behavior or health practices. Internal Variables - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Developmental Stage
- Intellectual Background
- Perception of Functioning
- Emotional Factors
- Spiritual Factors External Variables - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Family Practices
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Cultural Background Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Immunization Programs
- Routine Exercise, Good Exercise
- Physical Awareness, Stress Management, and Self-Responsibility. Levels of Prevention - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary Primary Prevention - ANSWER>>>>>>>Health promotion and education. True prevention lowers the chances that disease will develop. Secondary Prevention - ANSWER>>>>>>>Patients who have a disease, but are not yet showing symptoms. Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER>>>>>>>Disease that is permanent of irreversible...manage complicated, long term health problems. Risk Factors - ANSWER>>>>>>>Threaten health, influence health practices, and are important considerations in illness prevention activities which increase the vulnerability of an individual or group and include:
- Genetic and psychological
- Age
- Environment
- Lifestyle Changing Health Behaviors Steps - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance Stage
Precontemplation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Not intending to make changes within the next 6 months. Contemplation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Considering change within the next 6 months. Preparation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Making small changes in preparation for change in the next month. Action - ANSWER>>>>>>>Actively engaged in strategies to change behavior; lasts up to 6 months. Maintenance Stage - ANSWER>>>>>>>Sustained change over time; begins after 6 months after action has started and continued indefinitely. Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Does not always indicate the presence of disease
- State in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual function is diminished or impaired. Acute Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>Short duration and severe which lasts less than 6 months. Chronic Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>Persist longer than 6 months. Illness Behavior - ANSWER>>>>>>>Involves how people monitor their bodies and involves internal and external variables. Impact of Illness - ANSWER>>>>>>>It's never an isolated event. Patient Teaching: Lifestyle Changes - ANSWER>>>>>>>Objectives which include an expected outcome and goal. Teaching strategies include: Active listening, Identify Perceived Barriers, Establish Goals, Reinforce the Process, Written Resources at the Appropriate Reading Level, Materials are culturally appropriate, & Family Members to Support Legal Definition of Nursing - ANSWER>>>>>>>There are three definitions used for Diagnosing, Treating, and Human Responses. Nursing Process - ANSWER>>>>>>>Organized framework which gives the nurse direction, Helps determine the client's problems, Based on 5 steps which are completed in sequential order, Based on outcomes and goals, It's evaluated, reviewed, & changed, Assists the nurse in assisting the client to reach their greatest level of health. Scientific Method of Problem Solving - ANSWER>>>>>>>1) Identify the Problem
- Collect data and examine findings
- Formulate a diagnosis
- Develop a plan of action
