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Nursing Research: Foundations and Methodologies, Exams of Nursing

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Nursing

An overview of the history and foundations of nursing research, including the purpose, guiding theories, and various research methodologies. It covers topics such as the evolution of nursing research, the role of different nursing education levels in research, the hierarchy of evidence, research design considerations, data collection methods, and the application of research findings in nursing practice. The document aims to equip readers with a comprehensive understanding of the key concepts and principles underlying nursing research, enabling them to critically evaluate research studies and effectively integrate evidence-based practices into their clinical work.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/27/2024

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NURS 225 Exam 2
1. When was Florence Nightingale's work on sanita-
tion?
1800s
2. When did nursing research start focusing on nurs-
ing education?
early 1900s
3. When did the availability and demand for nurses
ride?
during war in 1940s
4. When was the Nursing Research journal pub-
lished?
1952
5. When was Henderson's Nursing Studies Index pub-
lished?
1970s
6. When was IOM included in nursing research? 1983
7. When was Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the
Work Environment of Nurses publsihed?
2004
8. When was the Establishment of Patient-Centered
Outcomes Research Institute founded?
2010s
9. What is the purpose of nursing research? to build a body of
knowledge for the
improvement of pa-
tient outcomes
10. What do models and framework provide for new
nursing students?
opportunities
11. What gives direction to research? theory
12. What guides practice? research
13. What is a prototype of problem-solving processes? Model
14. What is an abstract, logical structure of meaning? framework
15. Best Practices
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NURS 225 Exam 2

  1. When was Florence Nightingale's work on sanita- tion? 1800s
  2. When did nursing research start focusing on nurs- ing education? early 1900s
  3. When did the availability and demand for nurses ride? during war in 1940s
  4. When was the Nursing Research journal pub- lished?
  1. When was Henderson's Nursing Studies Index pub- lished? 1970s
  2. When was IOM included in nursing research? 1983
  3. When was Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses publsihed?
  1. When was the Establishment of Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute founded? 2010s
  2. What is the purpose of nursing research? to build a body of knowledge for the improvement of pa- tient outcomes
  3. What do models and framework provide for new nursing students? opportunities
  4. What gives direction to research? theory
  5. What guides practice? research
  6. What is a prototype of problem-solving processes? Model
  7. What is an abstract, logical structure of meaning? framework
  8. Best Practices

NURS 225 Exam 2 those nursing ac- tions that produce the most desir- able patient out- comes through sci- entific data

  1. What is an example of reality testing? reaffirmation through scientific data
  2. Basic Research research to gain knowledge for knowledge's sake
  3. Applied research directly impacts practice; most nurs- ing research is ap- plied research
  4. What are two primary sources? academic health care settings
  5. Academic evaluation of pro- grams, technologies, and instructional de- sign
  6. Health care settings variable demands at bedside and mul- tiple co-morbidities can make replication difficult
  7. What are nurses identified as within evi- dence-based practice? champions
  8. What did Nightingale's work emphasize? clinical application
  9. What happened in 1858?

NURS 225 Exam 2 Baccalaureate Degree (research based on level of education) identifying clinical problems requiring investigation, assist- ing experienced in- vestigators to gain access to clinical sites, select appro- priate methods of data collection, col- lecting data, and im- plementing nursing research findings

  1. Masters Degree (research based on level of educa- tion) collaborate with ex- perienced investiga- tors to develop pro- posals, data collec- tion, data analysis, and interpretation
  2. PhD (research based on level of education) Appraise the clin- ical relevance of research findings, create a climate of scholarly inquiry, provide leadership for integrating find- ings into clinical practice
  3. What happened in 2010? There was a shift from doing it for the patient to doing it with the patient (partnership)
  4. A literature review is an analytical sum- mary of research findings
  1. Cost, availability of subject, and time constraints are _____________ considerations for a research project: feasibility
  2. Which variable would be an outcome variable? dependent variable
  3. Which of the following forms of evidence carries the highest degree of credibility? research study using a random sampling method
  4. Which variable can be manipulated by the re- searcher? independent vari- able
  5. Which of the following questions would be inappro- priate for a researchable topic? the morality of using amniocentesis as a tool for deciding ter- mination of pregnan- cy?
  6. What are examples of constructs? intelligence, motiva- tion, anxiety
  7. Constructs exist in the human brain and are not di- rectly observable
  8. Concept a name or label that regards or treats an abstraction as if it had concrete or material existence, such as a person, place, or thing
  9. What is an example of a relational statement? fatigue can impair performance
  10. Fatigue and performance are what? concepts
  11. Model

explains a portion of the theory

  1. Experimental Designs treatment/control group
  2. Nonexperimental generates questions for experimental de- signs
  3. Quasi-experimental lacks randomization; may not have control group
  4. Control most common and important character- istic
  5. Manipulation independent vari- able
  6. Randomization assignment of sub- jects to a group; al- lowing for equal op- portunity of selec- tion; minimize bias
  7. Hypothesis need independent and dependent vari- ables
  8. What variables does a hypothesis predict the vari- ables of? directional non-directional associative casual null
  9. Sampling error error in statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentive-

ness of the sample taken

  1. Internal validity representation of re- ality
  2. Threats to internal validity subject/participant attrition/morality; subject maturation
  3. Threats to external validity small sample size, poor design, re- search bias/limita- tions
  4. Random sampling a sample that fairly represents a popu- lation because each member has an equal chance of in- clusion
  5. Simple random sampling every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample
  6. Stratified random sampling A form of probabil- ity sampling; a ran- dom sampling tech- nique in which the researcher identi- fies particular demo- graphic categories of interest and then randomly selects in- dividuals within each category.

The experimental factor that is manip- ulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

  1. Dependent variable The outcome fac- tor; the variable that may change in re- sponse to manipula- tions of the indepen- dent variable.
  2. Extraneous variable any aspect of the experimetal setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environ- mental variation
  3. Cofounding variable a factor other than the indepen- dent variable that might produce an ef- fect in an experiment
  4. Nominal data data of categories only. Data cannot be arranged in an order- ing scheme. (Gen- der, Race, Religion)
  5. Ordinal data A statistical data type that exists on an arbitrary numeri- cal scale where the exact numerical val- ue has no signifi- cance other than to rank a set of data

points. Deals with the order or posi- tion of items such as words, letters, symbols or numbers arranged in a hier- archical order. Quan- titative assessment cannot be made.

  1. Interval data Differences between values can be found, but there is no ab- solute 0. (Temp. and Time)
  2. Ratio data data with an ab- solute 0. Ratios are meaningful. (Length, Width, Weight, Dis- tance)
  3. Discrete data Data with space be- tween possible data values. Graphs are represented by dots.
  4. Continuous data information that can be measured on a continuum or scale' can have almost any numeric value and can be meaningful- ly subdivided into finer and finer in- crements, depend- ing upon the pre- cision of the mea- surement system; in- volves complex num-
  1. Ci-Square used with nominal data
  2. Content Validity demonstrating the tests, questions, etc., on a test repre- sents the content
  3. Criterion related validity test being done and known criteria (SAT, GRE)
  4. Construct validity most abstract, devel- op validity for mea- sures that exist in theory but are not observable
  5. Quantitative tests and question- naires biophysiological data existing or sec- ondary data big data sets
  6. Accessible data existing data
  7. Novel data data collected specifically for study
  8. Validity of a tool the extent to which a research tool mea- sures what its pro- posed to measure
  9. Reliability of a tool the extent to which a tool measures the at- tribute it is intended

to evaluate, measure of consistency

  1. Interrater reliability each of the data col- lectors accumulated information is the sam way (at least 90% of the time)
  2. Cronbach's alpha a measure of inter- nal consistency of a tool (such as a sur- vey) (strong =0.08 or great) how well do the questions on a sur- vey tool measure what they are intend- ed to measure
  3. Secondary Data builds on information from another study research questions limited by the data that is available uses datasets (metadata, predic- tive analytics) can be documents, physical data, or archived research data
  4. Strengths of secondary data can be completed without any intrusion into people's lives allows for explo- ration into alternative conclusions can use environmen-
  1. in vitro requires extraction of physiological mate- rials from partici- pant, frequently via a laboratory analysis (bacterial counts and identification)
  2. Strengths of biophysiological data objectivity, precision, and sensitivity of the information com- piled increased indepen- dence from biases and subjectivity greater level of re- spect for data
  3. Limitations of biophysiological data cost of obtaining and calibrating in- struments requires specialized knowledge and train- ing to be able to ac- curately gather data additional research assistants may be required escalation of cost and time commit- ments concerns related to interrater reliability reluctance of acces- sible population to participate
  4. Systemic reviews process identifying, selecting, assess-

ing, and synthesiz- ing findings from similar studies

  1. Meta-analysis review merging the out- comes from multiple studies
  2. External validity generalization
  3. The research role of the BSN nurse includes identifying clinical problems that re- quire investigation, assisting experi- enced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data
  4. Potential areas of nursing research identified by the National Institute of Nursing Research include: Chronic illness; health promotion; disease prevention; and end-of-life care
  5. What year was the first issue of Nursing Research published?
  1. The Nursing Studies Index, the first annotated in- dex of nursing research. was the work of: Virginia Henderson
  2. The American Nurses Association position state- ment acknowledges that: Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers de- sign them
  3. Clinical pathways are developed by: multidisciplinary teams
  4. A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that:
  1. Which of the following is not an independent vari- able? outcome
  2. Quantitative research is often identified with which method of fathering data? scientific
  3. Non-experimental designs generate _______ for ___________ designs Questions; experi- mental
  4. Which of the following is one of the most common and important characteristics of a quantitative de- sign? Control
  5. Manipulation of which variable is connected to con- trol? independent
  6. What does randomization help to eliminate? bias
  7. Generalization can __________ a study. strengthen
  8. A comparative design has only measurement of the dependent variable AND no ma- nipulation and con- trol of the indepen- dent variable (BOTH B AND C)
  9. A correlational study looks at the relationship of two or more variables
  10. Issues related to experimental design include manipulation of all variables, ethics, and feasibility
  11. An example of randomized controlled trial (RCT) design is as follows (where R = randomization, O = measurement, and X = treatment):

R O X O

Meta-analysis is the examination of multiple stud- ies through statistical analysis to establish new data sets for analysis

  1. A quasi-experimental design is one in which the independent variable is manipu- lated with no ran- domization and no control group
  2. The initial baseline measurement in a nonequiva- lent control group is used to determine if the sub- jects assigned to the group are: similar
  3. Which of the following is the research design that collects data at various intervals? Time-series study
  4. What is an area of concern in a time-series design? maturation
  5. Some ways of controlling variables for non-experi- mental or quasi-experimental designs are timing of test inter- vals and the setting
  6. In evidence-base practice, a nurse using quantita- tive research for clinical decision making must be most knowledgable about how the study design ap- plies to practice
  7. Using research in practice requires the nurse to be most aware of: generalizability of the results to current practice
  8. Quality improvement (QI) projects are considered to focus on only pa- tient satisfaction
  9. Root cause analysis (RCA) had its origin in military industry
  10. The Joint Commission mandated RCAs in 1997
  11. Which of the following types of studies would re- quire the largest sample size? correlational study
  12. purposive sampling