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DH 202 FINAL EXAM
Appropriate resources and conducting a thorough literature review is what part of EBD? - ANSWER Search for sceintific evidence Quantiative and qualitative combines is - ANSWER mixed methods A study that lacks inherent control - ANSWER quasi-experimental A variable whose value or outcome is determined by one or more varaibles is the - ANSWER dependent variable Research whose purpose is to test hypitheses, causal correlations, or make predictions is - ANSWER quantiative Quantiative sample sizes are typically - ANSWER larger and randomly selected Data are collected and reported as quantifiable numbers and/or statistics in what research - ANSWER quantiative Purpose is to understand and subjectively interpret complex social interactions - ANSWER Qualitative Sample sizes are typically smaller and not randomly selected - ANSWER Qualitative Data are collected and reported through participant observations, interviews, open-ended questions, field notations, and narrative reflections - ANSWER Qualitative The P in PICO stands for - ANSWER person, population, problem The I in PICO stands for - ANSWER Intervention The C in PICO stands for - ANSWER comparison
The O in PICO stands for - ANSWER outcome Descriptive and historical research is used to eastablish and predict the future in which approach - ANSWER descrptive/trend The highest level of evidence is - ANSWER meta-analysis Platinum level evidence is - ANSWER meta-analysis T/F: As you move up the pyramid the validity increases and the bias decreases - ANSWER True Primary research is - ANSWER collected for the first time by the researcher. T/F: Meta and systematic analysis is not primary sources - ANSWER True, altough high they are not actually collecting the evidence, they are secondary Secondary research is - ANSWER obtained from research previously conducted. Cohort study covers - ANSWER the same population over an extended period of time Retrospective study is aka - ANSWER ex-post-facto When no treatment is given to either group over a period of time - ANSWER washout period When one side is the control and the other is the test - ANSWER split-mouth design When every nth is selected in a sample - ANSWER systematic sample Sample size is important because it decreases - ANSWER bias pandemic - ANSWER Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
- Appraise
- Apply
- Audit When an individual improves their behavior in a study because they know they are being watched - ANSWER hawthorne effect John Henry Effect - ANSWER control group alters behavior due to knowledge that they're in the control group When one participant in a study is used to find others - ANSWER snowball effect extra variables that are unaccounted for in research - ANSWER confounding variable When neither the subjects nor the person collecting the data knows who is in what group - ANSWER double blind Which study approximates the true experimental approach but lacks the control of true experimentation? Clinical Retroactive Survey Quasi-experimental - ANSWER Quasi-experimental Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variables? Survey Correlational Trend Experimental - ANSWER Experimental Which type of study investigates existing differences to determine possible causes?
None of these Ex post facto Quasi-experimental Correlational Experimental - ANSWER ex post facto Which approach measures the relationship between variables? Experimental Correlational Case control Ex post facto - ANSWER correlational Which type of approach describes and interprets current events or situations? Case cohort Ex post facto Case control Descriptive - ANSWER descriptive Which approach studies the meaning of past events? Descriptive Historical Case study Case control - ANSWER historical Which type of study is an in-depth report on a single person, group, event, or situation? Quasi-experimental Correlational Experimental Case study - ANSWER case study
Incidence Reliability Validity - ANSWER incidence measures that results are true or accurate (does the measure function as it's designed to function). - ANSWER validity Numeric expression of the number of all existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population measured at a given point or period of time is defined as? Prevalence Specificity Reliability Validity - ANSWER prevalence is the consistency or reproducibility of a measurement over time. Reliability Prevalence Validity Sensitivity - ANSWER reliability The "I" in the acronym PICO (which indicates key parts of a researchable question) stands for which of the following? Instinct Institution Internet Intervention - ANSWER Intervention Qualitative research samples are typically ______________. larger and not randomly selected smaller and randomly selected
larger and randomly selected smaller and not randomly selected - ANSWER smaller and not randomly selected Evidence-based practice takes into account which preferences? None of these Patient Experimental approaches Local government Nonclinical - ANSWER patient A Mixed Method research design combines the best of __________ and _________ methods? experimental and nonexperimental structured and unstructured explanatory and exploratory qualitative and quantitative - ANSWER qualitative and quantitative What is the first step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice? Develop a researchable question. Evaluate patient outcomes. Apply evidence. Determine the clinical issue. - ANSWER determine the clinical issue Validity is the ability to measure what was __________. Accurate False Assumed Intended or True - ANSWER intended or true Which of the following describes the quantitative research approach? It uses words only to report demographic information. The results are reported using a narrative.
The highest level of evidence on the research pyramid is ________ compared to _______ which is the lowest level of evidence. Meta-analysis, animal and laboratory trials Case studies, cohort studies Meta-analysis, case-control studies Systematic reviews, animal and laboratory trials - ANSWER Meta-analysis, animal and laboratory trials As evidence increases, ________ also increases as you move up the research pyramid? Realibility Constructs Validity Bias - ANSWER validity In which step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice would you decide whether additional research strategies and information are needed? Evaluate outcomes. Conduct a search for evidence. Determine the clinical issue. Apply evidence. - ANSWER Apply evidence. _________ sits at the top of the research pyramid and ________ diamond standard for evidence. Clinical Practice Guidelines and meta-analysis Meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials Systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials Meta-analysis and systematic reviews - ANSWER Meta-analysis and systematic reviews T/F: A dental hygienist should recommend products based on the ADA Seal. - ANSWER False An example of a peer-reviewed journal is the ________. Journal of Practical Hygiene Journal of Dental Hygiene
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Both Journal of Practical Hygiene and Journal of Dental Hygiene All of these - ANSWER All of these A peer-reviewed article indicates that the article has been reviewed by ________. An editor from the publishers Editorial reviewers who are copyeditors Editorial reviewers who are dental providers/researchers Both An editor from the publishers and Editorial reviewers who are copyeditors All of these - ANSWER Editorial reviewers who are dental providers/researchers Which of the following parts of a research report should evaluate and interpret findings? Results Abstract Discussion Conclusion Literature review - ANSWER Discussion Which of the following parts of a research report should include a detailed description of the research instruments, equipment, procedures, and method of data analysis? Methods and materials Literature review Introduction Results Conclusion - ANSWER Methods and materials Which of the following parts of a research report should include a variety of current and relevant studies? Results Abstract Conclusion Literature review
Qualitative data - ANSWER - Quality
- data can be observed but not measured
- data can be described
- length, height, weight, speed, appearance Quantiative data - ANSWER - Quanity
- deals with number
- data can be measured
- length, width, weight, speed, temperature Random sample - ANSWER - every variable in the population has n equal chance of being slected
- comuterized, random name draw, etc Stratified sample - ANSWER - a sample based on subgroups
- ex: 5% of hygienists are men, 95% are women. the sampl would be randomly selected so that 5% would be from the men list and 95% from the womens Systematic sample - ANSWER - select every nth name to participate
- choose every 10th name in the phonebook Convenince sample - ANSWER - based on convenience
- use as a sample the students in the graduating class of a college judgment sample - ANSWER - based on familiarity with the population
- have hygienists test electric toothbrushes variables are the - ANSWER event being observed Dependent varaible - ANSWER - depends on the intervention Independent varaible - ANSWER - the intervention
Raw data example - ANSWER - listing the scores of an exam Data matrix/ordered array - ANSWER organize data from high to low Frequency distribution and types - ANSWER Measures how often each score occurs Types:
- Ungrouped
- Grouped
- Cumulative Measures of central tendeny - ANSWER - mean
- median
- mode mean - ANSWER - average
- most represented score
- most useful and familiar
- always center of balance of distrbution in a symmertrical distribution
- affected by extreme scores mean = - ANSWER sum of scores divided by the number of scores Median - ANSWER - the middle score in a distribution
- point in the distribution where 50% of the scores are above and 50% are below
- if N= odd number the median is the middle score
- if N= positive number the median is the sum of two middle scores divided Mode - ANSWER - Most frequently occuring score
- is an actually occuring score
reliability - ANSWER consistency of measurement intraexaminer - ANSWER consistent performance by the same investigator when using a data collection instrument interexaminer - ANSWER Consistent performance by different investigators when using the same data collection instrument sensitivity - ANSWER the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease specificity - ANSWER the ability of the test to correctly identify the absence of disease correlational coefficient - ANSWER - determines the strength of a relationship between two varaibles
- only shows there is a relationship it does not indicate cause and effect
- is a whole number between +1 and - positive correlation - ANSWER - direct association between two variables
- perfect positive is +
- when one variable increases the the other increases and vice versa negative correlation - ANSWER - direct association
- perfect negative corelation is -
- when one variable increases the other decreases T-test - ANSWER statistical measure to test the hypoehetical difference between two mean scores ANOVA - ANSWER - analysis of variance
- used when comparing the statistical difference between three or more mean scores p-value - ANSWER - probability value
- used when testing hypothesis
- evaluates whether or not the condition occured without intervention p-value measurements - ANSWER - less than or equal to 0.05 is acceptable
- below 0.05 is statistically significant
- above 0.05 is not significant Descriptive studies - ANSWER - person, place, and time
- who, where, when
- Uses: etiology, hypothesis generator, trend analysis null hypothesis - ANSWER A prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, or a statement or an idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong. analytical studies are most useful for - ANSWER testing a hypothesized association between human exposure and adverse health effects case control study is an analytical study which - ANSWER - compares individuals who have a specific disease to those who don't have it
- depends on retrospective data cohort studies include - ANSWER - individuals with differing exposures to a suspected factor are identified and then observed for the occurence of certain health effects over some period, commonly years rather than weeks cohort studies can either be performed either - ANSWER prospectively or retrospectively from historical records In which step in the systematic approach to evidence-based dental hygiene practice would check for validity, reliability, and overall credibility of the information before providing professional recommendations and interventions? Determine the clinical issue. Evaluate outcomes. Clinically Evaluate Evidence Conduct a search for evidence. - ANSWER Clinically Evaluate Evidence
types of experimental studies - ANSWER clinical trials and community trials Which of the following is a descriptive approach to research? Retrospective approach Case study approach Prospective approach Experimental approach - ANSWER Case study approach Which studies combine descriptive and historical research to establish patterns from the past and present to predict future occurrences? Prospective studies Document analysis studies Correlational studies Trend studies - ANSWER trend studies _____________ is a descriptive approach that is used to conduct in-depth reposts on a single person, group, event, or situation. Case Study Cross-Sectional Cohort Trend - ANSWER case study A Cross-sectional study does which of the following? Studies the same population over an extended period of time Establishes patterns from the past and present in order to predict future occurrences. Conducts an in-depth report on a single group, event, or situation Studies a section of the population in a limited period of time - ANSWER cross-sectional study - ANSWER a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
What type of approach looks to investigate cause-and-effect relationships? Prospective Descriptive Ex Post Facto Retrospective - ANSWER This type of research approach is the reverse of experimental approach and tries to investigate existing difference to determine possible causes. Descriptive Experimental Retrospectvie Historical - ANSWER Which is considered the best, most adequate representation of a sample? Snowball Randomized Systematic Judgmental - ANSWER randomized In which teeth are early childhood caries most evident? Primary anteriors Permanent molars Permanent anteriors Primary molars - ANSWER primary anteriors Validity is increased by controlling error and bias when conducting a study. Internal validity refers to the accuracy of the results of the study the ability of a test or index to accurately identify the presence of a disease the dependability or consistency of a measure to present the same result when repeated. the accuracy of inferring the results from the sample to the population at large - ANSWER the accuracy of inferring the results from the sample to the population at large
