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OCEAN 320 SPRING 2018 Final Exam
Student Questions Review (94 Terms)
with Complete Solutions Updated 2023-
As the marine food resource is declining, what is one solution that would help combat the decline of fish? - Answer: Creating a reserve on fish, for fishery can recover k In which trophic levels do an abundance of marine species lie? - Answer: Lower Trophic Levels- such as phytoplankton and krill Developing nations firmly believe they have a right to expand their fisheries while developed nations should reduce their fishing efforts to compensate. This path contributes to the decline in global fisheries and leads countries to try to replace
their wild fish with farmed ones. Which of following action(s) are attributed to bluefin tuna farming? - Answer: It takes 15 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of bluefin tuna.; 30 million tons of small forage fish removed annually from the ocean's ecosystem with majority feeding farmed fish.; Bluefin farming requires 10 times more feed than farmed salmon. Which of the following chemical(s) are found in orca carcasses caused by pollution found in the Puget Sound? - Answer: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB); DDT; Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE); aka All of Above The skeletal remains at the Lauricocha site were found to support the theory that there was one migration into South America using what method? - Answer: Sequencing the DNA from their mitochondria According to the readings, what is the current standing idea regarding how the Clovis people and early Americans came to colonize the America's? - Answer: They crossed the Bering Strait land bridge and then traveled by boat down the Pacific coast, dispersing inland following the reduction of the continental ice caps Many different theories have existed on how the first migrants made their way to the Americas. Which of these was not a proposed theory? - Answer: The first migrants came across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa. California's coastlines from Santa Rosa to the Channel Islands have been home to many ancient paleo-coastal cultures, a few as old as 13,000 years. Why is the study of these cultures and their remains essential to understanding the ocean? (This one is mine!!) - Answer: It allows scientists to gain insight into the interaction between the ancient cultures and their environment;
Why does algae now dominate many of the degraded reefs in the Caribbean? - Answer: an increase in prey in the Caribbean because of the lack of sharks Human caused greenhouse (GHG) gas emissions continue to rise globally without any signs of slowing. As a result, which of the following most-complicated problem(s) will humanity possibly not face in the near future as the planet teeters toward permanent instability? - Answer: Crop yields increase faster than our ability to cope Which of the following statements is FALSE about biological pumps? - Answer: None of these answers are false: TRUE---action of living organisms moving carbon in one direction from the atmosphere into the surface waters, down into the deeper ocean, and finally into rocks; TRUE---the carbon gets incorporated into marine organisms as organic matter or structural calcium carbonate; TRUE---when organisms die, their dead cells, shells, and other parts sink down to the deep where it forms layers of carbon-rich sediments that which, over millions of years, may turn into rocks through chemical and physical processes The the transplant team at Mote Tropical Research Lab in Summerland Key, Florida has been making conservation efforts by transplanting coral into dying reefs. How does the team stimulate the coral to grow at a rate thats 25 times faster than normal? - Answer: They cut the coral in smalls strips. What anthropogenic activity has the most significant effect on coral reef ecosystem? - Answer: Pollution Deposition of sediments in the gulf of Mexico has been uninterrupted over the last 200 million years because... - Answer: Large and persistent depositional basins have been formed by tectonic activity following the breakup of Pangea which has accommodated sedimentation. Why is the ocean called a carbon 'sink'? - Answer: Because it takes up more carbon from the atmosphere than it gives up.
Which of the following is true about corals? - Answer: Coral use glucose, glycerol, and amino acids (all products of photosynthesis) to produce calcium carbonate, which coral skeletons are composed of. If coral bleaching is starting to occur what can counter act this process? - Answer: A hurricane Which of the following statements about corals is false? - Answer: Corals live in turbid nutrient rich waters that help them grow and multiply quickly. Which of the following are true about coral diseases? - Answer: Both B and C are correct: Many scientists believe an increase in disease is related to deteriorating water quality associated with human-made pollutants and increased sea surface temperatures; After coral's death, foreign organisms that takeover the exposed coral skeleton often leads to the health of the rest of the colony taking a downward spiral The most significant risk of increasing carbon emissions is the threat of surpassing the 2 degrees Celcius threshold; wherein many countries run the risk of experiencing a slow 6 meter (20 feet) rise in water. Aside from the marine effects, what are the physical results global warming could have on these countries? Check all the apply. (This one is mine too!!) - Answer: Displacement of animal population and loss of habitats; Increased frequency and intensity of storms and irregular climate; Drier weather allowing for lethal infections to spread faster; Decreased crop yields leading to a food shortage
Which processes affect carbon cycle fluxes in coastal oceans? (Select all that apply) - Answer: Upwelling; Air-sea gas exchange; River influxes Which one of the following statements about the Coral Triangle is FALSE - Answer: The Coral Triangle includes the ocean and coastal areas of several countries. However, none of these countries have rights over the marine resources. Princeton University geoscientist Michael Oppenheimer states that the only way to stabilize the rising temperatures of the worlds climate by 2050 is by reaching zero emissions of greenhouse gases. What does Oppenheimer in the article, The 2 Degree Threshold-- PBS, state the two options for reaching a zero emission of GHGs are - Answer: A massive shift to clean energy and carbon sequestration The atmosphere has 750 billion tonnes of CO2. What are some things that have added CO2 to the atmosphere? - Answer: Burning of fossil fuel; Decay due to microbes and soil animals; Respiration because of plants and animals aka All of Above Why do oil spills pose such a great threat to marine environments and wildlife if they only account for about 8% of the overall ocean oil pollution? - Answer: Toxicity levels of these spills tend to linger over time Which of the following is true about the Keeling Curve? - Answer: It shows seasonal changes based on when leaves grow and fall from plants Which of the following statements about upwelling is true? - Answer: Strong upwelling brings cold, nutrient rich water to the surface
Which of the following options is a biological indicator of an El Niño? Select all that apply. (This one is mine ;)) - Answer: Presence of a Baja California red crab population near San Francisco; Very clear water with little planktonic growth; Clams and other bivalve shells are less thick and small Why are paleoclimatologists and ocean current researchers, in turmoil over who or what is primarily responsible for the slowing of the ocean conveyor belt and its effect in regards to climate change? - Answer: All of the above Actual measurements of the AMOC across the ocean only date back to 2004; to get a longer-term picture, researchers have to rely on other measurements to infer ocean current; Paleoclimatologists have spotted times in the deep past when the current slowed quickly and dramatically, cooling Europe by 5 to 10 degrees C (10 to 20 degrees F) and causing far-reaching impacts on climate during the last glaciation some 100,000 to 10,000 years ago; Stefan Rahmstorf's study argued that the Atlantic current has slowed more since 1975 than at any point in the last thousand years, the slowdown started in about the 1930s, strongly suggesting that mankind is to blame What will happen along the west coast if there is a major shift in ocean dynamics that will reduce upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich waters? - Answer: All of the above The changes would hamper coastal development and ripple through the ecosystem; Waters that are stuck near the surface will heat up and expand and then creep higher up onto land; There will be negative consequences for plankton production, for growth and survival of fish population, for bottom-dwelling invertebrates, sea urchins, squids, seabirds and marine mammals.
Which of the following contributed to the environmental movement during the 1960s? (select all that apply) - Answer: the Santa Barbara oil spill; publishing of "Silent Spring" documenting pesticide use; the fires on the Cuyahoga River; In 1992 1,700 experts sent a warning to the world called A Warning from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Now, 25 years later, 150,000 scientists have come forward to say that all major threats identified in the previous report have worsened and the environmental impacts are "substantial and irreversible harm." Scientists now report: (Select all that apply) - Answer: The amount of fresh water available per head of population worldwide has reduced by 26%; The number of ocean "dead zones" - places where little can live because of pollution and oxygen starvation - has increased by 75%; Nearly 300 million acres of forest have been lost, mostly to make way for agricultural land; Global carbon emissions and average temperatures have shown continued significant increases; Human population has risen by 35%; What are some things humans can do, to help save the future of our planet? Choose all that apply: - Answer: Reduce greenhouse gases; Use more green energy What are the primary driver(s) for recent increases in extremity of weather produced by Polar Vortex collapse? (select all that apply) - Answer: human-caused climate change; polar amplification;
related influences on the Jet Stream What is true of deep water ocean currents? select all that apply - Answer: They are driven by varying densities in ocean water; They bring cooler water towards the equator; Deep water ocean currents carry denser water whereas surface currents carry less dense water Which of the following is false about PCBs? - Answer: Marine animals are well equipped to handle PCBs The decline in the killer whale population in Puget Sound demonstrates they are: - Answer: the most PCB contaminated marine mammals in the world. How have PCBs and PBDEs made their way into Pacific Ocean trenches? (More than one possible answer). - Answer: Contaminated plastic debris; Dead animals sinking to the ocean floor; Industrial accidents and discharge from landfills What are the three general categories of chemical that are a particular concern in the marine environment: - Answer: I. Oil III. Toxic Metals IV. Persistent Organic Pollutants What is problematic about the "Conceptual Model"? - Answer: This model can sometimes be too simple for practical use, while sometimes can be too complex for practical use. Chemical Pollution has a high effect on which of the following Ocean Health Index Goals? - Answer: Tourism & Recreation
Over 60% of the world's coral reefs are threatened as a result of pollution, ___, and bleaching due to ____ water temperatures caused by global warming. - Answer: sedimentation, rising PCBs are prime examples of chemicals that threaten the wellbeing and survival of marine animals because: - Answer: Both A and B PCBs have entered, and continue to enter, the oceans and seas in large quantities; for example, after being released from decomposing products that have not been disposed of with due care. Scientists estimate that 1-10% of all PCBs ever produced have already entered the oceans; PCBs tend not to quickly break down into less harmful forms after being released into the natural environment Which of the following statements about "Scientists Participate in Public Affairs" is wrong according to the materials? - Answer: They can usually bring definitive answers to matters of public debate Which of the following features made the use of PCBs popular across different range of products like paints, ceiling tiles, carbonless paper, concrete or household appliances? - Answer: PCBs doesn't burn Why do female whales, dolphins, and porpoises have lower levels of PCBs when they reach a certain level of maturity? - Answer: Females pass on most of their PCB burden to their first-born calves What were PCBs initially used for in the 1930s? - Answer: PCBs were initially used as dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper and in heat transfer fluids. What event inspired Rachel Carson to write Silent Spring? - Answer: A letter from Olga Hawkins detailed how the chemical unintentionally poisoned birds in her sanctuary.
All of the following describe the ethical norms of science except... - Answer: Making sure theory does not conflict with pre-existing scientific theories In which way(s) can scientific evidence be biased? - Answer: All of the above by the way the data is interpreted; in the recording or reporting of the data; in the choice of what data to consider in the first place Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding inferences? - Answer: What you see and the nature of the data you are looking at; e.g. patterns, trends or measurements are examples of inferences. Rachel Carson was motivated by the sadness of noticing a lack of noise at springs after DDT was sprayed. What creature's noises were absent to Rachel's ears? - Answer: apex predator birds If there was a population of 1,25 billion people in 1900 and 2,5 billion in 1950, what was the average growth rate? - Answer: The average growth rate was 1,4% because the doubling time is 50 years. What is the root cause of ocean resource depletion and exploitation? - Answer: Population Growth What is the main reason as to why fish populations are decreasing so rapidly around the globe? - Answer: Fisheries are so exploited that reproduction cannot keep up Which of the following is true about systems? - Answer: A and C any collection of things that have some influence on one another: any part of a system may be considered a system as well
A formation of a hurricane or a tropical storm requires a Coriolis force to develop, which area on earth can a hurricane not take place or even cross? - Answer: On the Equator at 0 degrees Topex/Poseidon scientists have accomplished the following in orbit after nearly 10 years except: - Answer: Mapped day-to-day changes in heat stored in the upper ocean. Which of the following statements is false? - Answer: Smoother surfaces create less forward scatter. Which of the following statements about contour lines on maps is true? - Answer: Increasing the number of contour lines may improve the resolution on a map, but also makes it more difficult to read. Which global wind pattern was responsible for Christopher Columbus sailing fleet going back to Europe? - Answer: Westerlies
