Operating Systems and Their Functions, Summaries of English

An overview of the different types of operating systems, including interactive (gui-based) systems, single-user single-task systems, single-user multi-task systems, multi-user systems, and real-time systems. It also discusses the functions of operating systems, such as managing devices and tracking their status, as well as the importance of operating systems in personal computers and mobile devices. Topics related to windows 7, including accessing different components from the desktop and emptying the recycle bin. Additionally, it touches on the importance of computer care and maintenance, as well as the concept of sustainable development and its relevance in the 21st century. The document could be useful for students studying computer science, information technology, or related fields, providing them with a foundational understanding of operating systems and their role in modern computing.

Typology: Summaries

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Communication Skills
1. Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing or using some
other medium and means of sending or receiving information.
2.
3. Learning objectives of Effective communication
1. Development of Interpersonal Skills
2. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency
4. Writing is a form of communication that allows students to put their feelings and ideas on paper, to
organize their knowledge and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to convey meaning through well-
constructed text. In its most advanced form, written expression can be as vivid as a work of art.
5. Phrases- Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate an element of
speech.
6. Sentences: A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate,
conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and
sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
7.
8. Parts of speech- A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. In
English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition,
conjunction, and interjection.
9. Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news,
items of general interest or specific topics.
10. A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single
topic.
11. Barriers to Effective Communication
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Communication Skills

  1. Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing or using some other medium and means of sending or receiving information.
  2. Learning objectives of Effective communication
    1. Development of Interpersonal Skills
    2. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency
  3. Writing is a form of communication that allows students to put their feelings and ideas on paper, to organize their knowledge and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to convey meaning through well- constructed text. In its most advanced form, written expression can be as vivid as a work of art.
  4. Phrases- Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate an element of speech.
  5. Sentences: A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
  6. Parts of speech- A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. In English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
  7. Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news, items of general interest or specific topics.
  8. A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic.
  9. Barriers to Effective Communication

A communication barrier is thus anything that prevents us from receiving and understanding the messages others use to convey their information, ideas and thoughts.

  1. Physical Barriers – Physical barriers separate people from each other and mark territories.
  2. Language Barriers – Not using words another can understand will certainly stop your message from being conveyed.
  3. Gender Barriers – Variation exists among masculine and feminine styles of communication.
  4. Attitudinal Barriers - as those behaviors or perceptions that are divisive in nature – the ones that can lead to nagging doubt, sullen disagreement or even overt conflict.
  5. Perceptual Barriers – Different world views can create misunderstanding. People tend to interpret messages from their own point of view or ideologies.
  6. Cultural Barriers – Ethnic, religious, and social differences can often create misunderstandings when trying to communicate.
  7. Emotional Barriers –If one is consumed with emotion he will have difficulty in understanding what is communicated. Answer the following quiz questions-
  8. Not stating instructions clearly is an example of……….. ( language barrier)
  9. Not understanding the customs or traditions of a speaker could mean there is a………………. ( cultural barrier)
  10. When you are overcome by your own feelings and unable to communicate well it means there is an ………………..( emotional barrier)
  11. Using slang or words that are used within your own social group is an example of a ………………. ( cultural barrier)
  12. You may like to have your own private cabin to work in but if you are not willing to meet your team face to face it is an indication of a………. (physical barrier)
  13. You have an…………………. ( attitudinal barrier) if you think you are more qualified than others and are superior in knowledge.
  14. If you have a totally different viewpoint from your team mates on the way a training programme is to be planned you have a …………..(conceptual barrier)
  15. Handling Barriers to Communication Engage in face-to-face interactions whenever possible. Reduce or eliminate distractions around you. Try to assess the needs of the receiver. Hone your active listening skills. Soften your tone and language. Encourage feedback.
  16. Described below are some common barriers to effective communication which we must avoid: 1 Second guessing the sender: We do this when we are impatient with the speaker and are in a hurry to finish the sentence for the speaker. 2 Stereotyping: We often form stereotypes about those whom we know the least! Once our mental sets are created, all our transactions are affected by these sets, preventing us from effective listening. 3 Halo effect: This is another form of stereotyping. Based on a single characteristic we make up our mind usually positively about the other person. 4 Not listening as a status or gender issue: Studies have shown that men listen much less than women do. Similarly those in positions listen less to those who are lower in hierarchy.

14 Feedback is a consequence of performance. Feedback plays an important part in communication because

it tells both the source and the receiver, how their message are being interpreted.

15 Descriptive feedback is specific information, in the form of written comments or verbal conversations,

that help the learner understand what she or he needs to do in order to improve. Descriptive feedback is

the most powerful tool for improving student learning.

loading Windows 7, the first screen that appears on the monitor is called desktop. From the desktop, you can access different components of Windows 7. By default, Windows 7 has a picture for the desktop background. This is called wallpaper. Small pictures on the desktop are called icons. These icons represent files, folders, applications, etc. At the bottom of the desktop is a long bar called the Taskbar. To the left of the taskbar is the Start button. Documents: This contains area to store files on the computer Taskbar is the long horizontal bar present at the bottom of the screen. To the left is the Start button. Right of the taskbar contains Date/Time. You can also see icons of active applications and some shortcuts on the Taskbar

  1. Shut Down:- allows the user to turn off the computer All Programs:- Provides access to all the installed programs and applications. To start an application, just click it. Search Box:- This allows the user to search a file or a folder or run executable files. Control panel:- This allows the user to change various settings. Recycle Bin: Files and folders deleted by the user are stored in the Recycle Bin. From Recycle Bin, you can retrieve files or folders deleted by mistake.
    1. What is an operating system?
    2. Mention any three functions of operating system.
    3. Name any three operating systems for computers
    4. Name any three mobile operating systems.
    5. What is the name given to the screen that appears after Windows operating system is loaded?
    6. Small images on the desktop are called _____________________
    7. Name two special icons on the desktop.
    8. Name the icon that provides access to all the drives, files and folders on a computer.
    9. Name the button to the left of the taskbar
    10. Picture for the desktop background is called _____________.
    1. Similar types of files can be placed into groups called ___________.
    2. Mention any one way in which can create a new folder.
    3. To change the name of the folder, right-click and select __________ option from the Shortcut menu.
    4. How can you delete a folder?
    5. What is the difference between moving and copying a folder?
    6. Differentiate between file and folder.
    7. Name the set of commands to move a folder from one location to another.
    8. Name the place where deleted files are placed.
    9. How can you empty the recycle Bin?
  2. Importance and need of care and maintenance of computer
    1. Keep the computer dust free.
    2. Do not eat or drink while working on the computer. Food or drink may spill on the system.
    3. To keep the keyboard clean, make sure your hands are clean before using it.
    4. CDs and DVDs should be handled carefully so that it does not get any scratches.
    5. Keep keyboard covered when not in use.
  3. General precautions to be takes while cleaning the computer components are:  Always Power Off the computer system before cleaning.  Never spray cleaning fluid directly on the component of the computer. First spray  the liquid on the cloth and then wipe the component.  Do not allow the cleaning liquid to drip near the circuit board.  Preferably use anti-static wrist band which helps to prevent building up of static electricity near electronic device.
    1. What is the possible cause of slowing down of computer?
    2. Why keyboard should be covered if not in use?
    3. What general precautions should you take while cleaning the computer components/
    4. List some of the maintenance activities for the computer system.
  1. Why regular disk defragmentation should be done? Self-Management Skills
  2. Stress Management refers to focusing human efforts for maintaining a healthy body and mind capable of better withstanding stressful situations. Stress refers to a “physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension”.
  3. Small amounts of stress have a positive effect and they help us stretch ourselves to new level. High levels of stress over prolonged periods need to be managed. A Stress well managed can help one view events and situations as challenges and contributes in the growth of individual. Unmanaged stress leads to anxiety and sorrow resulting in ill status of mental and physical health.
  4. Stress causal agents can have following origins: Mental: Students can be left overwhelmed, if they are unable to handle their assignment submission deadlines and examinations grades. Overly high expectations from self can leave one with chronic anxiety and stress. Physical: As children grow up they may seek more independence, may become critically conscious of their looks and have to cope up with hormonal changes. Issues related to general well-being and health of an individual can lead to low self-esteem and cause stress. Social : Discord amongst family members, peer pressure for doing things which kids will generally avoid , maintaining balance in relationships amongst friends, status show off may lead to stress at times. Financial: Youngsters may have aspirational financial stress. This may of becoming independent or Finances aspirational stress may
  5. Importance of Stress Management: Adequately managed stress prevents medical and physical illnesses. Stress management is vital because it leads to following benefits: Improves mood Boosts immune system Promotes longevity Leads to burst of physical strength, which is vital for goal achievement Complete mental and physical engagement for task accomplishment Increases efficiency and effectiveness Prevents psychological disorders and behavioral problems
  6. Stress Management Techniques Stress is a mental state where one size doesn’t fit all, what stresses one person may not stress others at all. It is highly individualistic phenomenon and the solution has to be customized to individual’s mental state. Signs of Stress: Physical signs which may suggest stress are: breathlessness, dry mouth, butterflies in stomach, indigestion, nausea, acidity, fatigue, sweaty palms, cold hands and feet, irritation and hyperactivity etc. Mental Signs: At the mental level following symptoms may reflect stress irritation, impatience, loneliness, upset, anxious, depressed, frustration, bored, guilty, insecure and forgetfulness. a) Self-awareness amongst individuals for symptoms of stress will help them manage it better. b) They should try understanding the cause, understanding self and taking remedial measures. c) Speaking out to the well-wishers like family and friends is of help in stress management as they provide a social support system. d) Positive thinking e) managing one’s time across any or a combination of the following activities aids in stress management. i) Physical Exercise: Physical exercise in the form of walking, skipping or for that matter indulging in any sports has been found to relieve stress as they stabilize mood, improve self-esteem and induce sleep. ii) Yoga iii) Meditation iv) Enjoying: Recreational activities like watching movies, attending concerts, playing games,

8. In the 21st^ Century the importance of adopting sustainable techniques for^ sustainable development is of

grave importance.

1. Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of resources is causing its

depletion.

2. Not only for the next generation but even for the existing generation, the quality of basic resources is

deteriorating leading to major health concerns such as Cancer, Bronchitis etc.

3. Rising demands is leading to economic disparity.

4. Environmental problems like Climate Change, Emission of Green House gases are alarming.

5. Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our work place will also promote economic

growth.

9. To ensure that Sustainable Development is ensured in our communities and^ world at large United Nations

Member States in 2015 adopted 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) as a universal call to action to

end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.

These are:

i i. No poverty

ii ii. Zero Hunger

iii iii. Good Health and Well Being

iv iv. Quality Education

v v. Gender Equality

vi vi. Clean water and Sanitation

vii vii. Affordable and Clean Energy

viii viii. Decent Work and Economic Growth

ix ix. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure

x x. Reduced Inequalities

xi xi. Sustainable Cities and Communities

xii xii. Responsible Consumption and Production

xiii xiii. Climate Action

xiv xiv. Life Below Water

xv xv. Life on Land

xvi xvi. Peace, Justice and Strong Institution

xvii xvii. Partnership for the Goals

  1. (^) Problems Related to Sustainable Development

To achieve Sustainability for next generation, the whole world needs to come as one. This is the biggest

challenge in realising this goal because of the following reasons:

1. A large population in major parts of the world is living an underprivileged life and is excluded. For them

earning a meal each day is a challenge. Under such circumstances, expecting an alteration in their mind set

or behaviour is not easy.

2. A huge population in world’s economy is unemployed. Any means of earning whether sustainable or not

is their ray of hope.

3. With the existing issues of climate change, number of species has extinct and many are on verge of their

extinction. Under such circumstances striking a balance in the food chain is a big responsibility.

4. The market all over the world is trying to capture as many resources as possible to maximize their profit.

In pursuit of maximising the profit they overuse and exploit the resources.

Entrepreneurial Skills

1. While the concept of entrepreneurship has a fairly wide meaning, it is simply described as starting a

business using the resources available to a person. An entrepreneur combines factors in a creative manner

in order to generate value for customers and create wealth.

2. The beauty of entrepreneurship in a society is that as businesses prosper the impact the businesses create

also increases. It is due to entrepreneurial activity that the society is provided with goods and services. In

turn, society provides market for products and services provided by the entrepreneur.

3. Entrepreneurship has some positive impact on society such as:

  • Accentuates economic Growth
  • Fosters Creativity
  • Stimulates Innovation and Efficiency
  • Creates Jobs and Employment Opportunities
  • Solves the problems of the society
  • Encourages welfare of the society

4. Society plays a role in boosting entrepreneurship by:

  • Creates needs and demands
  • Provides raw materials
  • Enables financial support
  • Creates a need for education
  • Catalyses policy formation and reform
  • Facilitates networking
  • Supports infrastructure development

However, entrepreneurship also creates some adverse impact on society sometimes. This happens in the

form of environmental degradation, trade imbalance, labour exploitation etc.

5. Some common entrepreneurship activities related to society include:

Social Entrepreneurship: Social entrepreneurship can be understood as creation of sustainable solutions

for social problems that leads to social change by employing entrepreneurial mindset, processes and

operations.

Agricultural Entrepreneurship: Agricultural Entrepreneurship can be defined as being primarily related to

the marketing and production of inputs and products used in agricultural activities.

Women Entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship is referred to the entrepreneurial activity led by

Negotiation: An entrepreneur negotiates terms and conditions for many parts of the business such as

payment terms and timelines, salaries of employees, vendor quotations etc.

  1. (^) Commercial Functions

Production and Operations

Finance and Accounting

Marketing

Human Resource Management

11. Role of Entrepreneurs

Innovator’s Role

Agent’s role

Coordinating role

Risk assumption role

Capital formation role

Imitating role

Employment Generation role

Status transformation role

Balancing role

12 Importance of Entrepreneurs

Free market evolution: In a free market, entrepreneurs are able to respond to changing customer

preferences, prices, shifts in demand etc.

Efficiency improvements: Entrepreneurs tend to adapt in an established business and increase their own

efficiency.

New markets: Entrepreneurs can often ‘redefine the rules’ of an established industry.

New values: Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer a more ethical product to the

world and are transparent about it.

13 Myths of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs are born a certain way

Great ideas are what makes entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risk

Businesses either skyrocket or fail

A lot of money is required to start any business

One must know everything before starting a business

(^14) Entrepreneurship as a Career – Why Entrepreneurship for You?

Nurtures development of entrepreneurial skills and capabilities: Entrepreneurship cultivates unique

skills and encourages outside the box thinking.

Enables application of an entrepreneurial mindset: Entrepreneurial mindset and skills are not

necessarily only relevant to becoming an entrepreneur, but also in any field.

Develops the ability to handle failure and ambiguity

Enhances critical thinking and problem-solving ability

Provides early exposure to the real world

Inspires to think about one’s career differently

Leads to creating difference in society: Entrepreneurs not only economically impact society but they also

work on identifying the real needs and problems of people and solving them.