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Operational Amplifiers: Characteristics, Applications, and Concepts, Cheat Sheet of Basic Electronics

Gujarat Technological UniversityBasic Electronics

Short summary of operational amplifier.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2022/2023

Available from 02/26/2023

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Introduction to Operational Amplifier: Characteristics of Ideal Op-
Amp
The basic job of an amplifier is to amplify the input signal. In the early days when digital computers
were not evolved, at that time, different mathematical functions like addition, subtraction,
integration, integration, and differentiation were performed using This operational amplifier. IN The
upcoming videos we will talk more about This op-amp. And. We will see how we can design The
different circuits. Using This amplifier. The phase of This output voltage will be The same as The
input voltage. Likewise, Whenever we apply an input to This negative terminal, we are grounding
another terminal. Then The output of This amplifier will be equal to minus A times The V2. The
output of an op-amp is restricted by the biasing voltages that are being applied to This amplifier.
That means the output will be get inverted by 180 degrees. As soon as the input voltage. is input
voltage goes beyond some certain value, The output will be get saturated to The plus saturation
voltage. And same is true for the negative input voltages. This particular characteristic is particularly
useful when we use This op-amp as a comparator. This is one of the applications in which This OP-
amp can be used. But. It can also be used in designing active filters, oscillators, waveform converters
and analog-to-digital digital-to-analog converters.
The ideal op-amp should support all The frequencies starting from The zero Hertz to The infinite. IT
means The bandwidth of This op-am should also be equal to infinity. The gain of The ideal op-amp is
equal to infinite. And. The common mode rejection ratio is The ratio of differential gain divide by
common mode gain. And. It is generally defined as The ratio between differential gain and common
mode reject ratio. WE will talk more about This in a separate video. IN. This ideal op-amp, whenever
The input is equal to zero. Then at that time The output is also zero. In. Practical op-amps, They used
to have finite input as well as The output impedance. IN The next video. We will see what happens
when we provide The feedback from The output The input side.
Operational Amplifier: Inverting Op Amp and The Concept of Virtual Ground in Op Amp
In This video, we are going to talk about The inverting input configuration of The operational
amplifier. and we will see The concept of virtual ground in The op-amp. This video will show how
virtual ground is being used in The op-amp. We will also talk about how to control The gain of This
amplifier by applying feedback from output to The input side. In This configuration, we can apply The
input to This op-amp. The first is applying input to the noninverting input terminal and grounding
This negative input terminal. second is providing input to The inverting input terminal, and third is
providing The input. This configuration is known as inverting op-amps configuration. so, let 's find
out The relationship between This output and The input voltages. we can say that There is virtual
short between This inverting and The noninverting input terminals. This terminal is not actually
grounded. grounded, but it will act as a virtual ground. so,. This negative feedback will ensure that
The difference between The two terminals is very small. because of that, we can consider These
both input terminals at The same potential.
The inverting op-amp configuration is known as The inverting configuration. because The output will
be inverted with respect to input voltage. In This way, by controlling The value of RF and R1,, we can
control The gain of This op-amp and we can use it as an amplifier.
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Download Operational Amplifiers: Characteristics, Applications, and Concepts and more Cheat Sheet Basic Electronics in PDF only on Docsity!

Introduction to Operational Amplifier: Characteristics of Ideal Op-

Amp

The basic job of an amplifier is to amplify the input signal. In the early days when digital computers were not evolved, at that time, different mathematical functions like addition, subtraction, integration, integration, and differentiation were performed using This operational amplifier. IN The upcoming videos we will talk more about This op-amp. And. We will see how we can design The different circuits. Using This amplifier. The phase of This output voltage will be The same as The input voltage. Likewise, Whenever we apply an input to This negative terminal, we are grounding another terminal. Then The output of This amplifier will be equal to minus A times The V2. The output of an op-amp is restricted by the biasing voltages that are being applied to This amplifier. That means the output will be get inverted by 180 degrees. As soon as the input voltage. is input voltage goes beyond some certain value, The output will be get saturated to The plus saturation voltage. And same is true for the negative input voltages. This particular characteristic is particularly useful when we use This op-amp as a comparator. This is one of the applications in which This OP- amp can be used. But. It can also be used in designing active filters, oscillators, waveform converters and analog-to-digital digital-to-analog converters. The ideal op-amp should support all The frequencies starting from The zero Hertz to The infinite. IT means The bandwidth of This op-am should also be equal to infinity. The gain of The ideal op-amp is equal to infinite. And. The common mode rejection ratio is The ratio of differential gain divide by common mode gain. And. It is generally defined as The ratio between differential gain and common mode reject ratio. WE will talk more about This in a separate video. IN. This ideal op-amp, whenever The input is equal to zero. Then at that time The output is also zero. In. Practical op-amps, They used to have finite input as well as The output impedance. IN The next video. We will see what happens when we provide The feedback from The output The input side.

Operational Amplifier: Inverting Op Amp and The Concept of Virtual Ground in Op Amp

In This video, we are going to talk about The inverting input configuration of The operational amplifier. and we will see The concept of virtual ground in The op-amp. This video will show how virtual ground is being used in The op-amp. We will also talk about how to control The gain of This amplifier by applying feedback from output to The input side. In This configuration, we can apply The input to This op-amp. The first is applying input to the noninverting input terminal and grounding This negative input terminal. second is providing input to The inverting input terminal, and third is providing The input. This configuration is known as inverting op-amps configuration. so, let 's find out The relationship between This output and The input voltages. we can say that There is virtual short between This inverting and The noninverting input terminals. This terminal is not actually grounded. grounded, but it will act as a virtual ground. so,. This negative feedback will ensure that The difference between The two terminals is very small. because of that, we can consider These both input terminals at The same potential. The inverting op-amp configuration is known as The inverting configuration. because The output will be inverted with respect to input voltage. In This way, by controlling The value of RF and R1,, we can control The gain of This op-amp and we can use it as an amplifier.

Op-Amp: Summing Amplifier (Inverting and Non-Inverting Summing Amplifiers)

of This inverting summing, The summing amplifier is The negative voltage. but supp if we want The positive voltage, Then what we can do, we can connect one more inverting op-amp, which is having unity gain. at This point, Then The output voltage at This point will be positive. The voltage at This point is equal to one plus RF divided by Ra times V1 plus V2 times The voltage at The end of This noninverting summing amplifier. so, here also, we will consider one voltage source at a time and find The voltage. and later on, we will add The individual responses to get voltage. in This noninverting configuration, The complexity is also increasing as The number of input voltages increases. in This configuration, The individual voltage sources are not isolated with respect to each oTher. and They have Their own influence. have Their own influence on The input voltage that appears at This terminal. in most practical applications, This inverting summing amplifier is preferred.

Operational Amplifier: Op-Amp as Differential Amplifier or Op-Amp as a subtractor

how to design the differential amplifier or subtractor circuit using The op-amp. We already know that This op-amp is a differential amplifier, which amplifies the difference between the inverting and the noninverting terminal. To get the final output, we need to use the superposition Theorem. If The gain that is applied to both inputs is equal to R2 divided by R1, then in a true sense, we can use This configuration as a differential amplifier. The output will be the difference between the two input voltages, multiplied by some gain factor k. so, here, instead of applying This voltage source V directly, we can apply This voltage. by using the voltage divider circuit. The output voltage is the difference between the two input voltages multiplied by The factor of R2 divided by R1. In a true sense, we can use. Since we can use This op-amp as a differential amplifier. So, Apart from performing mathematical operations, This differential amplifier can also be used along with The sensors. In most of the practical cases, where you are dealing with a very small input voltage that is coming from the sensors, in such cases instead of This differential amplifier, The instrumentation amplifier is used. This instrumentation amplifier is a very high-gain differential amplifier. The main advantage of This amplifier is that it is having very high input impedance. The op-amp can be used as a differential amplifier or as a subtractor. apart from The input voltages, you also need to consider The biasing voltages which are being applied to The op-amps. here, I hope in This video you understood how to use The op. op-amp as a different one or subtractor, and we will see how This biasing voltage can affect your output. Like This video, hit The like button, and subscribe to The channel for more such videos.