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Topic include in Electronics I are: Introduction, Operation Amplifier, Diodes, Bipolar Junction Transistors and Field Effect Transistors. Key points in this lecture are: Operational Amplifiers, Op-Amp Terminals, Power Supplies, Ideal Op-Amp, Closed-Loop Gain, Virtual Short-Circuit, Virtual Ground, Negative and Positive Feedback, Inverting Closed-Loop Configuration, Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain
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Analysis of the inverting configuration
R i v I i I v I v I R R R o 0
A difference amplifier.
Representation of the common-mode and differential components of the input signal to a difference amplifier. Note that v 1 = v CM - v d/ and v 2 = v CM + v d/2.
(a) A popular circuit for an instrumentation amplifier. (b) Analysis of the circuit in (a) assuming ideal op-amps. (c) To make the gain variable, R 1 is implemented as the series combination of a fixed resister R 1 f and a variable resistor R 1 v. Resistor R 1 f ensures that the maximum available gain is limited.
(a) Unity-gain follower. (b) Input step waveform. (c) Linearly rising output waveform obtained when the amplifier is slew-rate limited. (d) Exponentially rising output waveform obtained when V is sufficiently small so that the initial slope ( wtV ) is smaller then or equal to SR.
Effect of slew-rate limiting on output sinusoidal waveforms.