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Conceptual and Practical Q/A of Organizational Behaviour
Typology: Assignments
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1 What is perception, and what factors influence our perception? It is a process in which an individual oragnize and interpret limited information and give a meaning to its environment. For instance, Ali thinks that wealth matters more than family to Bilal, which is not in reality. Factors in the perceiver; object, target; being perceiveed, or situation ; in which perception is made, influence our perception. 2 What is attribution theory? What are the three determinants of attribution? What are its implications for explaining organizational behavior? It expalins how an individual judge other people based on the meaning that individual attribute to their behavior. That behavior can be internally or externally caused. The determinants are distinctiveness; different behavior in different situations, consensus; similar response to similar situation, consistency; persistent actions. For instance, if an employee is late on work, the employer might attribute it to oversleeping; internal attribution , or traffic; external attribution. 3 What shortcuts do people frequently use in making judgments about others? When an individual selectively interpret the information based on his/her interests, background, experience and attitudes; selective perception. When an individual draw a general impression about other people based on a single characteristic i-e appearance, intelligence, etc; halo effect. When an individual characteristics are affected by comparison with other people who rank higher or lower in the same characteristics; contrast effect. When an individual judges other people based on the group to whom they belong; stereotyping. 4 What is the link between perception and decision making? How does one affect the other? Decision making requires screening, processing, and interpretion of data information from multiple resources. Perception answers which data is relevent or irrelevant. Furthermore, multiple alternatives are developed and their strengths or weaknesses are evaluated through perception. Perception affects the final outcome. 5 What is the rational model of decision making? How is it different from bounded rationality and intuition? A decision-making model that describes how decision makers should behave in order to get maximum outcome. In bounded rationality, the diffrence is the removal of essential features from problems in order to reduce complexity and simplify it. In intuition, the difference is that decision is made based on experience and emotions. 6 What are some of the common decision biases or errors that people make? (i)The tendency to hold false and misleading assessment of skills or talent; overconfidence bias. (ii)The tendency to rely on previous information and avoid new, updated one; anchoring bias. (iii)The tendency to seek out information that support past choices or judgements and ignore the information that contradicts; confirmation bias. (iv)The tendency to rely judgement on readily available information; availability bias. (v)The tendency to stay commited to a previous decision despite of its negative outcome; escalation of commitment. (vi)The tendency of believing that outcomes can be predicted from random events; randomness error. (vii)The tendency to prefer less risky outcomes as compared to high risky ones even if it might have higher returns; risk aversion. (viii)The tendency to
