Overview - Microprocessors and Computer Systems - Lecture Slides, Slides of Microprocessors

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ƒ^ Review of microprocessor ƒ^ Review of computer number system, codes,and digital System

What do they have in common?

Pictures from http://www.panasonic.com/flash.asp

ELE 3230 - Part 1^

4

Computer Generations^ Approximate^

Typical Speed

Generation^ Dates^ Technology

(operations per second)

1 1946-1957^ Vacuum tube

2 1958-1964^ Transistor

3 1965-1971^ Small and mediumscale integration

4 1972-1977^ Large scaleintegration (LSI)

5 1978-^ Very large scaleintegration (VLSI)

100,000,000 ENIAC Vacuum Tubes (1946) http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/ENIAC-VacuumTubes.htmdocsity.com

Growth in Chip Density ZSI = Zero-Scale Integration (Discrete Components)^

VLSI = Very-Large-Scale Integration SSI = Small-Scale Integration^

ULSI = Ultra-Large-Scale Integration MSI = Medium-Scale Integration^

GSI = Giga-Scale-Integration (^11101010910810) per Chip^710610510410 Components^3102101100101960 LSI = Large-Scale Integration

20001970 20101980 1990 2020 GSI ULSI VLSI LSI MSI SSI ZSI

• 8086 Pin Diagram a The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel andintroduced on the market in 1978 GND^140 VccAD14^239 AD15AD13^338 A16/S3AD12^437 A17/S4AD11^536 A18/S5AD10^635 A19/S6AD9^734 /S7BHSAD8^833 MXMN/AD7^932 RDAD6^1031 AD5^1130 AD4^1229 AD3^1328 AD2^1427 AD1^1526 AD0^1625 NMI^1724 INTR^1823 CLK^1922 GND
  • (HOLD)GT0/RQ 8086 CPU(HLDA)GT1/RQ)WR(LOCK)IOM/(S2)RDT/(S1)DEN(S0(ALE)QS0)INTA(QS1TESTREADYRESET40 LEAD http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Block Diagram of a Simple 8086-based Microcomputer (We will come back to this later.)

Bandwidth Requirements for VariousPeripheral Technologies^ Peripheral^

Technical^ Required BandwidthGraphics 24-bit color^ 30 MBytes/secLocal area network 100BASEX or FDDI^ 12 Mbytes/secDisk controller SCSI or P1394^ 10 Mbytes/secFull-motion video 1024 x 768@30fps^ 67+ Mbytes/secI/O - USB 3.0Up to 4 Gbps (raw)- Version 3.0 + HS24 Mbps (HS)- HDMI8.16 Gbps (Video) &36.86 Mbps (Audio) (Also check out wiki for the data rates)

ICOMP Index a iCOMP for Intel Comparative Microprocessor Performance was an index publishedby Intel used to measure the relative performance of its microprocessors.

(MMX)^ Pentium III - 1 GHzPentium III - 700 MHzPentium III - 500 MHzCeleron - 266MHzPentium II - 350 MHzPentium - 150MHzPentium II - 266 MHz Intel486 SX-25Pentium - 60MHzIntel486 DX2-50Pentium - 120MHzIntel386 SL-

(^3500300025002000150010005000) iCOMP Index 3.0^ iCOMP Index 2.0^ iCOMP Index 1.

8008^ 1972: 8008Microprocessor^ The 8008 was twice as powerfulas the 4004.According to the magazine

RadioElectronics , Don Lancaster, adedicated computer hobbyist, usedthe 8008 to create a predecessor tobe the first personal computer, adevice Radio Electronics dubbed a"TV typewriter." It was used as adumb terminal. docsity.com

8080^ 1974: 8080Microprocessor^ The 8080 became the brains of thefirst personal computer--the Altair,allegedly named for a destination ofthe Starship^ Enterprise

from the^ StarTrek television show.Computer hobbyists could purchasea kit for the Altair for $395. Withinmonths, it sold tens of thousands,creating the first PC back orders inhistory. docsity.com

286- … a 1982: 286 Microprocessor a 1985: Intel386™ Microprocessor a 1989: Intel486™ DX CPU Microprocessor a 1993: Intel® Pentium® Processor a 1995: Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor a 1997: Intel® Pentium® II Processor a 1998: Intel® Pentium II Xeon® Processor a 1999: Intel® Celeron® Processor a 1999: Intel® Pentium® III Processor a 1999: Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® Processor a 2000: Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor a 2001: Intel® Xeon® Processor a 2001: Intel® Itanium® Processor a 2002: Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor a 2003: Intel® Pentium® M Processor a 2007: Intel ® Core ™ 2 Quad http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist_micro/hof/index.htm

History and evolution of microprocessors^ 1. Recommended websites^ a^ http://www.intel.com/about/companyinfo/museum/archives/timeline.htmIntel official site. Including detailed circuit diagrams and quick technicalreference from the oldest 4004 to the newest Pentium 4^ a^ http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CICRich source of CPU information^ a^ http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/01HISTORYCD-WELCOME!.HTMAn Encyclopedia of the People and Machines that Made Computer History

Common Number CodeaDecimal aBinary aHexadecimal aBCD codes (standard BCD, gray code) a7-segment display code aAlphanumeric code (ASCII, EBCDIC)

Ex.^ 36d=________b=__h^ aa ffbgbg^ 4=0110011 in 7- ccee segment display dd code

Q:^ How^ to^ express

a^ number?Ex. 6.625d=________b

Common Number Codes^ Binary-Coded Decimal

7-Segment Display(1=on) Decimal^ Binary^ Octal^ Hex 8421 BCD

ReflectedGrayCode^ EXCESS-3abcdefg^ Display 0 0000 0 0 0000 0011 0011 0000 1111110

0011 0100^0001 0110000

0011 0101^0011 1101101

0011 0110^0010 1111001

0011 0111^0110 0110011

0011 1000^0111 1011011

0011 1001^0101 1011111

0011 1010^0100 1110000

0011 1011^1100 1111111

0011 1100^1101 1110011

10 1010 12 A^ 0001 0000

0100 0011^1111

A

11 1011 13 B^ 0001 0001

0100 0100^1110

B

12 1100 14 C^ 0001 0010

0100 0101^1010

C

13 1101 15 D^ 0001 0011

0100 0110^1011

D

14 1110 16 E^ 0001 0100

0100 0111^1001

E

15 1111 17 F^ 0001 0101

0100 1000^1000

F

Q: what are the unique characteristics of EXCESS-3 and Gray code?