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Pathology Comprehensive Key Terms, Exams of Pathology

Chamberlain College of NursingPathology

A comprehensive overview of key terms and concepts in the field of pathology. It covers a wide range of topics, including the definition of pathology, the reasons for studying it, the classification of pathological conditions, and the various types of cell and tissue changes that can occur in response to different types of injury or disease. The document also discusses various genetic and metabolic disorders, as well as the role of environmental factors and microbiological agents in the development of cancer. Overall, this document serves as a valuable resource for students and professionals interested in understanding the fundamental principles of pathology and the mechanisms underlying various disease processes.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/14/2024

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PATHOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE KEY-TERMS
Pathology - ANSWER the study of diseases
Disease - ANSWER Alteration resulting in characteristic signs and symptoms
Reasons to studying pathology - ANSWER understanding diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and
complications
Diagnosis - ANSWER the art and science of distinguishing one disease from another
VINDICATE - ANSWER mnemonic for pathological classification of the body
hematology - ANSWER study of blood related disorders
immunology - ANSWER study of the defense mechanisms of the body
histopathology - ANSWER study of the changes in the shape of cells, tissues, or organs
cytopathology - ANSWER study of diseases by looking at individual cells
genetics - ANSWER study of abnormal genes and chromosomes
homeostasis - ANSWER steady state of dynamic balance
etiology - ANSWER the study of the causes of diseases
pathogenesis - ANSWER mechanism of how a disease develops
morphological change - ANSWER visible change in tissue due to damage, degeneration, or
deficiency
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PATHOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE KEY-TERMS

Pathology - ANSWER the study of diseases

Disease - ANSWER Alteration resulting in characteristic signs and symptoms

Reasons to studying pathology - ANSWER understanding diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and

complications

Diagnosis - ANSWER the art and science of distinguishing one disease from another

VINDICATE - ANSWER mnemonic for pathological classification of the body

hematology - ANSWER study of blood related disorders

immunology - ANSWER study of the defense mechanisms of the body

histopathology - ANSWER study of the changes in the shape of cells, tissues, or organs

cytopathology - ANSWER study of diseases by looking at individual cells

genetics - ANSWER study of abnormal genes and chromosomes

homeostasis - ANSWER steady state of dynamic balance

etiology - ANSWER the study of the causes of diseases

pathogenesis - ANSWER mechanism of how a disease develops

morphological change - ANSWER visible change in tissue due to damage, degeneration, or

deficiency

clinical manifestations - ANSWER symptoms and signs related to a disease

causes of cell injury - ANSWER physical, chemical, infectious, immune, genetics, nutrition, hypoxia

radiation - ANSWER induces free radical formation with subsequent nuclear damage

factors affecting response - ANSWER severity, duration, condition, location, specialization

labile cells - ANSWER cells capable of continuous regeneration (ex. skin, epithelial linings)

permanent cells - ANSWER cells are incapable of regeneration (ex. nervous, heart, skeletal muscle)

stable cells - ANSWER cells only multiply when necessary (ex. liver, kidney, smooth muscle)

adaptations - ANSWER changes in the tissue and org Answer due to chronic stress

hypertrophy - ANSWER increased size of tissue or organ (ex. muscle)

atrophy - ANSWER decrease in size of tissue or organ due to decreased cell mass

sarcopenia - ANSWER loss of muscle mass due to aging

hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells in a tissue (ex. prostate)

hypoplasia - ANSWER underdeveloped tissue or organ due to a decrease in cell number

agenesis - ANSWER failure of organ or tissue to develop in the fetus

aplasia - ANSWER failure of primitive cells to develop after birth

calcium - ANSWER dystrophic or metastatic function

dystrophic calcification - ANSWER calcification in previously damaged tissue

normal calcium levels

metastatic calcification - ANSWER calcification in normal tissue

associated with hypercalcemia

xanthelasma - ANSWER deposits of cholesterol-rich material of the eyelids

xanthoma - ANSWER soft, yellow skin nodule with cholesterol-rich material near joints

hypercalcemia presentation - ANSWER stones, bones, groans, and moans

stones - ANSWER hematuria

bones - ANSWER nocturnal bone pain

gro Answer - ANSWER peptic ulcer and constipation

mo Answer - ANSWER depression and slow nerve conduction

injury to the nucleus - ANSWER genetic, nutritional, or radiation

injury to the cell membrane - ANSWER receptor defects, free radical injury, microbiological

injury to energy production - ANSWER hypoxia and ischemia will affect ATP production

hypoxia - ANSWER oxygen deficient in tissues often due to ischemia

ischemia - ANSWER decreased blood supply; may lead to infarction

free radicals - ANSWER unpaired electrons produced under normal and abnormal conditions

oxygen-based free radicals - ANSWER superoxide [SO-], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], hydroxyl radical

[OH]

free radicall production - ANSWER inflammation, radiation, smoking, pollution, drugs, iron, or

copper

free radical scavengers - ANSWER SO dismutase; H2O2 peroxidase; catalase; G6PD; ACEs

superoxide dismutase - ANSWER breaks down superoxide to form H2O2 and water

catalase - ANSWER breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

glutathione peroxidase - ANSWER breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase - ANSWER removes hydroxyl radical via the production of

glutathione

G6PD deficiency - ANSWER damages the red blood cells; causes jaundice and anemia

nitric oxide [NO] - ANSWER reactive nitrogen specie of free radicals; causes vasodilation

membrane damage - ANSWER affects the NA/K ATPase pump resulting in sodium influx

hydropic change - ANSWER cellular swelling due to accumulation of water leads to vacuolation

vacuolation - ANSWER formation of membrane-bound vacuoles of water

liquefactive necrosis - ANSWER Type of cell death seen in brain infarction and abscess

abscess - ANSWER pull-filled cavity with liquefactive necrosis: brain, lung, or elsewhere

caseous necrosis - ANSWER seen in tuberculosis, tertiary syphilis, and histoplasmosis

gangrenous necrosis - ANSWER cell death due to insufficient blood supply: frostbite and diabetes

west versus dry gangrene - ANSWER Dry: frostbite, sharp edges; Wet: diabetes with blurred edges

gas gangrene - ANSWER gas producing Clostridium perfringens infection

fat necrosis - ANSWER breast or other fatty tissue injury

enzymatic necrosis - ANSWER due to release of pancreatic enzymes seen in acute pancreatitis

fibrinoid necrosis - ANSWER polyarteritis nodosa; seen in the walls of arteries

polyarteritis nodosa - ANSWER segmental autoimmune inflammation of medium sized arteries

apoptosis - ANSWER programmed single cell death, no inflammation, organelles intact

increased intracytoplasmic calcium - ANSWER final trigger for both necrosis and apoptosis

embryogenic examples - ANSWER separation of fingers and toes

hormone-dependent - ANSWER menstruation and uterine atrophy after menopause

apoptosis - ANSWER single cells, organelles intact, no inflammation, surrounding cells OK

necrosis - ANSWER many cells, organelles damaged, inflammation, affects tissue around

caspase - ANSWER protein enzyme that regulates programmed cell death

caspase involved - ANSWER caspase 8 [extrinsic-cytoplasm] and 9 [intrinsic mitochondria]

councilman bodies - ANSWER apoptotic bodies in the liver triggered by viral hepatitis

inflammation - ANSWER reaction in response to injury in vascularized connective tissue

purpose - ANSWER integral process in healing and repair

Achalasia - ANSWER failure of the lower end of the esophagus to relax; young adults; dysphagia

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - ANSWER acid regurgitations damages lower end of the

esophagus and causes metaplasia

Barrett's esophagus - ANSWER premalignant condition due to chronic GERD; leads to esophageal

cancer

Mallory weiss syndrome - ANSWER hematemesis following retching; longitudinal esophageal tear

Ruptured esophageal varices - ANSWER copious blood in the vomitus of an alcoholic; portal

hypertension

Cancer of the esophagus - ANSWER GERD, alcohol, smoking, eating smoked meats; dysphagia and

weight loss

Congenital pyloric stenosis - ANSWER projectile vomiting in a 6 to 8-week-old male; hypertrophic

pyloric sphincter

Hemorrhoids - ANSWER bright red blood in stool, painful [external] painless [internal]

Volvulus - ANSWER twisting of a loop of bowel on itself; most common in the sigmoid colon

Sigmoid volvulus - ANSWER twisted sigmoid colon causing intestinal obstruction

Intestinal obstruction - ANSWER blockage of the intestinal lumen: extrinsic or intrinsic

Diverticulitis - ANSWER inflamed diverticulum, periumbilical pain radiating to the left iliac fossa

Extrinsic bowel obstruction - ANSWER post-surgical adhesions or hernia

Intrinsic bowel obstruction - ANSWER intussusception of intraluminal masses

Hernia - ANSWER extrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdomen

Types of hernias - ANSWER inguinal, femoral, epigastric, umbilical, and diaphragmatic

Incarceration - ANSWER stuck in the extruded position

Obstruction - ANSWER flow of intestinal contents is blocked

Strangulation - ANSWER blood supply is compromised and is followed by gangrenous necrosis

Colorectal carcinoma - ANSWER change in bowel habit, + fecal occult blood, weight loss, barbeque

meats

Viral hepatitis - ANSWER tender hepatomegaly and jaundice; councilman bodies, hep A-E

Jaundice - ANSWER yellow discoloration [icterus] of sclera and skin due to excess bilirubin

Types of jaundice - ANSWER pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic, and post-hepatic

Causes of pre-hepatic jaundice - ANSWER hemolytic anemia and sickle cell disease

Causes of intra-hepatic jaundice - ANSWER hepatitis and cirrhosis

Causes of post-hepatic jaundice - ANSWER stuck in the common bile duct and carcinoma of the

head of the pancreas

Cirrhosis - ANSWER non-tender hepatomegaly and jaundice; alcohol abuse, Mallory bodies

Clinical features of cirrhosis - ANSWER jaundice, ascites, caput medusae, gynecomastia, small

testes, red palms

Hyperestrogenic symptoms and signs - ANSWER gynecomastia, small testes, impotence, decreased

libido, palmar erythema

Portal hypertension signs - ANSWER caput medusae, esophageal varices, ascites, splenomegaly

Wilson's [hepatolenticular] disease - ANSWER asterixis, basal ganglia, cirrhosis, kayser fleischer

rings: copper excess

Asterixis - ANSWER coarse flapping tremor due to basal ganglia damage in Wilson's disease

Hepatocellular carcinoma - ANSWER cancer linked to hepatitis C and aflatoxins from aspergillus

fungi; increases aFP

aFP [alpha fetoprotein] - ANSWER biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma; also raised in cirrhosis

Source of aflatoxins - ANSWER corn or grounds nuts contaminated with aspergillus fungi

interstitial cystitis - ANSWER hunner's ulcers; decreased GP51 waterproofing protein, dysuria,

frequency, nocturia

nephrolithiasis - ANSWER painful hematuria and loin-to-groin pain; calcium oxalate, struvite, uric

acid

staghorn calculus - ANSWER associated with struvite stones and proteus mirabilis infection

renal cell carcinoma [grawitz] - ANSWER most common kidney cancer in adults, flank mass, pain,

and hematuria

wilms tumor aka nephroblastoma - ANSWER most common kidney cancer in children from

embryonic kidney cells

bladder cancer - ANSWER transitional cell, M>F, aniline dye workers, smoking schistosomiasis

schistosoma in bladder cancer - ANSWER schistosoma haematobium, egg with terminal spine

pelvic inflammatory disease - ANSWER purulent vaginal discharge with dysmenorrhea and lower

abdominal cramps

ectopic pregnancy - ANSWER pregnancy outside of the uterus; 6-8 weeks amenorrhea with

abdominal pain

fallopian tube - ANSWER most common site for an ectopic pregnancy

endometriosis - ANSWER endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus, dyspareunia, and

infertility

Stein-Leventhal syndrome - ANSWER aka PCOS

polycystic ovarian syndrome - ANSWER hirsutism, irregular periods, overweight females, increased

insulin, increased testosterone

ovarian cancer - ANSWER primary [epithelial or germ cell origin] or secondary [Krukenberg tumor]

serous cystuadenocarcinoma - ANSWER most common ovarian malignancy

Krukenberg tumor - ANSWER metastatic ovarian tumor from gastric carcinoma; usually bilateral

uterine leiomyoma - ANSWER most common uterine tumor, smooth muscle, polymenorrhagia,

infertility

hydatidiform mole - ANSWER benign tumor from a non-viable pregnancy, bunch of grapes

apprearance

endometrial carcinoma - ANSWER most common gynecological cancer, causes postmenopausal

bleeding

trophoblastic disease - ANSWER derived from embryonic trophoblastic tissue: benign and

malignant

choriocarcinoma - ANSWER presistent beta HCG production after D&C for abnormal uterine

bleeding

benign prostatic hyperplasia - ANSWER fibroglandular overgrowth, increased with age, decreased

urinary flow, testosterone related

epididymo-orchitis - ANSWER bacterial infection, +Prhen's sign [decreased pain with scrotal

elevation]

torsion of the testis - ANSWER teenagers with bell clapper deformity, severe pain, negative Prehn's

sign

bell clapper deformity - ANSWER testis lies in a horizontal rather than a vertical position

end arteritis obliter Answer - ANSWER arteries which do not anastomose with their neighbors

examples of end arteries - ANSWER spinal, splenic, renal, and coronary arteries

congenital syphilis - ANSWER saddle nose and hutchinson's triad [rhagades, notched incisors,

blindness]

rhagades - ANSWER fissures in the corners of the mouth seen in congenital syphilis

teratoma - ANSWER pelvic tumor arising from all 3 embryological layers; 75% benign

gigantism - ANSWER excess GH before epiphyseal plates are fused, excess tissue growth

acromegaly - ANSWER excess GH after growth plates are fused, spatulate hands, visual problems

Sheehan's syndrome - ANSWER infarction of anterior pituitary lobe; after severe postpartum

hemorrhage

features of Sheehan's syndrome - ANSWER Agalactorrhea [prolactin], amenorrhea [FSH], fatigue

[ACTH], myxedema

diabetes insipidus - ANSWER polyuria and polydipsia despite water deprivation due to ADH

deficiency

hypothyroidism [myxedema] - ANSWER Woltman's sign, constipation, brittle hair, hoarse voice,

weight gain

Hashimoto's thyroiditis - ANSWER most common cause of myxedema, thyroglobulin/peroxidase

antibodies

Woltman's sign - ANSWER slow to relax deep tendon reflexes seen in myxedema

cretinism - ANSWER due to maternal hypothyroidism, placental transfer of maternal antibodies

features of cretinism - ANSWER poor brain development, puffy face, prominent tongue, umbilical

hernia

Graves' disease - ANSWER thyroid stimulating Igs, bilateral exophthalmos, weight loss, diarrhea,

goiter

hyperparathyroidism - ANSWER PTH-secreting adenoma: hypercalcemia, brown tumor and acro-

osteolysis

stones, bones, groans, and mo Answer - ANSWER hematuria, bone pain, abdominal pains [peptic

ulcers], depression

hypoparathyroidism - ANSWER parathyroid removal, hypocalcemia, Chvostek and Trousseau signs

Chvostek sign - ANSWER facial spasm with tapping of the facial nerve

Troussaeu sign - ANSWER spasm of the hand and finders with occlusive BP cuff > 120 mmHg

ACTH-dependent Cushing's - ANSWER ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma or small cell lung cancer

ACTH-independent Cushing's - ANSWER exogenous steroid medication or cortisol-secreting adrenal

adenoma

Features of Cushing's - ANSWER moon face, buffalo hump, obesity with purple abdominal striae

Hirsutism - ANSWER due to excess androgens; seen in the ACTH-dependent variety and PCOS

Conn's disease - ANSWER Aldosterone-secreting tumor; increased Na, decreased K, hypertension,

and low renin

Advanced glycation end products - ANSWER deposition of sugar on the inside of the vasa vasora

and vasa nervosa

kimmelsteil wilson disease - ANSWER aka nodular glomerulosclerosis seen in diabetic nephropathy

insulinoma - ANSWER benign insulin secreting tumor with Whipple's triad

Whipple's triad - ANSWER confusion and sweating, hypoglycemia, relived by eating sugar

gastrinoma - ANSWER benign gastrin-secreting pancreatic or duodenal tumor: recurrent peptic

ulcer

Zollinger-ellison syndrome - ANSWER gastrinoma and recurrent peptic ulcers in the stomach and

duodenum

anemia - ANSWER low hemoglobin, RBC count, and hematocrit

Morphological classification of anemia - ANSWER mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular

Hb concentration

MCV [size] and MCHC [color] - ANSWER blood indices used to determine the morphological type of

anemia

Mean corpuscular volume - ANSWER microcytic, macrocytic aka megaloblastic or normocytic

Mean corpuscular Hb concentration - ANSWER hypochromic, hyperchromic, or normochromic

microcytic hypochromic anemia - ANSWER iron deficiency and lead poisoning

macrocytic hyperchromic anemia - ANSWER alcoholism and heredirary spherocytosis

macrocytic normochromic anemia - ANSWER folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency

normocytic normochromic anemia - ANSWER anemia of chronic disease: TB, RA, SLE, etc.

iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER diet deficient in iron, blood loss in the gut or urine, increased

need in pregnancy

folic acid deficiency - ANSWER dietary deficiency or increased need during pregnancy.

vitamin B12 deficiency anemia - ANSWER dietary lack, atrophic gastritis, Crohn's disease or

diphyllobothrium latum

pernicious anemia - ANSWER vitamin B12 deficiency caused by atrophic gastritis

atrophic gastirtis - ANSWER chronic inflammation with H. pylori or autoimmune destruction

lead poisoning - ANSWER anemia, basophilic stippling, colic, difficult behavior, emesis, foot drop

hereditary spherocytosis - ANSWER gold ball-shaped red blood cells and increased osmotic fragility

polycythemia - ANSWER excess RBC production; primary [idiopathic] or secondary

primary polycythemia - ANSWER seen more in the older adults; vertigo, tinnitus, and

hypersplenomegaly

secondary polycythenmia causes - ANSWER high altitude hypoxia, chronic kidney disease or chronic

bronchitis

thrombocytopenia - ANSWER reduction in platelets caused by certain drugs, infection, or marrow

failure

immune thrombocytopenic ppurpura - ANSWER autoimmune, common in children, splenectomy is

curative