Download Pathology Study Notes Pathology Study Notes and more Exams Pathology in PDF only on Docsity!
Pathology Study Notes
Definition of Pathology - "Science of Suffering" Fields of Pathology - Anatomical, clinical pathology, clinical microbiology Anatomical Pathology - Structural and functional changes of a disease process Cytology - Microscopic, isolated cells Biopsy - Microscopic, cells remaining in original structure/formation Autopsy - Macroscopic, study of organs, post mortal Clinical Pathology - Prevention, diagnosis, treatment of disease Clinical Microbiology - Study microbiological pathogens that cause disease Light Microscopy - Microscopic, sub cellular components, transmit regular light through biopsy/cytology sample Histochemistry - Microscopic study of a biopsy sample Steps of Histochemistry (9) -
- Fixation
- Cutting
- Dehydration
- Embedding
- Slicing\Sectioning
- Mounting
- Deparaffinization
- Rehydration
- Staining Cytochemistry - Microscopic study of cytology sample
Steps of Cytochemistry -
- Application
- Drying
- Staining
- Washing
- Drying Polarization Microscopy - Microscopic, study sub cellular components by turning the plane of light (3D) Fluorescence Microscopy - Microscopic, study sub cellular components with fluorescent dyes/light Immunohistochemistry - Microscopic, biopsy/cytology, fluorescence to label antibodies In Situ Hybridyzation - Microscopic, biopsy/cytology,fluorscently activated primers, FACS (fluor. act. cell sorter) Electron Microscopy - Microscopic, transmit electrons Historical Fields of Pathology - Humoral Solidar Cellular Molecular Humoral Pathology - Ancient Greece, Hippocrates Four humors (blood, mucous, black bile, yellow bile) Balance between humors: health Solidar Pathology - Ancient Roman/Greek/Egyptian, Democritus Solid organs show changes in disease Cellular Pathology - 1858, Virchow Cells show changes in disease Molecular Pathology - Late 1900 DNA shows changes in disease DNA/Enveloped (1) - Herpes virus, chicken pox, dsDNA
Lymph - Alkaline, clear/transparent/colourless, contains WBC, proteins, waste materials Organs of lymphatic system - Bone marrow Thymus gland Adenoids Spleen Lymph nodes Peyer's patches Eosinophils - Produce toxic proteins, in blood Basophils - Release anti-coagulant/histamine, in blood Neutrophils/Macrophages - Engulf and destroy foreign material, in blood Memory B Cells - Remember specific infections/antibodies needed Plasma B Cells - Produce specific anti bodies when stimulated by an antigen Helper T Cell - Activates cytotoxin T cells, necessary for B cell activation Delayed Hypersensitivity T Cell - Protects against pathogens, causes transplant rejection Suppressor T Cell - Regulates immune response Cytotoxic T Cell - Destroys target cells on contact, recognizes tumors/viruses by surface Natural Killer (NK) Cells - Kills suspicious cells on contact without use of antigen Inate Immunity (First Line of Defense) - Non specialized, no memory, physical barriers (i.e. tears), ex. NK cells Adaptive Immunity (Second Line of Defense) - Very specialized, has memory, can recognize (10^11) 1- First encounter with antigen
2- Increased response because of familiarity (B cell) Naturally Acquired Immunity (Active) - Body encounters antigen and creates antibodies Naturally Acquired Immunity (Passive) - Antibodies passed from mother-fetus/breast milk-baby Artificially Acquired Immunity (Active) - Antigens (weakened, dead, inactivated microbes) introduced into the body, vaccines/boosters Artificially Acquired Immunity (Passive) - Premade antibodies introduced into blood stream, immune serum Importance of vaccines, what they do in the body - Introduce an unharmful strain of pathogen into body, body naturally fights it with no adverse side effects, immunity when encountering pathogen Difficulties creating influenza/HIV vaccine - Antibodies grow in the proteins of chicken eggs, may mutate and cannot grown in eggs Influenza/HIV envelope spikes mutate rapidly, hard to target the tips of the spikes Types of Inflammation - Systemic Acute Systemic Inflammation - Caused by traumatic injury/severe tissue damage Acute Inflammation - Generally localized, lasts a few days (can last longer), easy to treat (medication, proper care), can be painful (nerve compression), can be systemic in severe cases (allergic reaction)
