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Peds Final study guide, Study notes of Nursing

Nova Southeastern University (NSU)Nursing

Peds Final study full guide :) :)

Typology: Study notes

2024/2025

Uploaded on 04/30/2026

noell-somers 🇺🇸

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PEDIATRIC FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

VITAL SIGNS IN PEDS

● Newborn: HR 110–160 | RR 30–60 | BP ~60–80/40–50

● Infant: HR 100–150 | RR 30–50 | BP ~80–100 systolic

● Toddler: HR 90–140 | RR 24–40 | BP ~90–105 systolic

● Preschool: HR 80–110 | RR 22–34 | BP ~95–110 systolic

● School-age: HR 70–100 | RR 18–30 | BP ~100–120

● Adolescent: HR 60–90 | RR 12–20 | BP ~110–130

○ HR and RR are higher in younger children and decrease with age

○ Tachycardia is an early sign of distress, dehydration, or hypoxia

○ Tachypnea = early respiratory distress

○ Hypotension = late sign (child is already decompensating)

○ SpO₂ < 90% = notify provider immediately

TEST TIP: first sign of deterioration = tachycardia or tachypnea

CHILD ABUSE

Indications of Child Abuse

● bruising various stages

● uncomfortable with questions

● family dynamic

● stages mix match with development

● delay in seeking care

● injuries inconsistent with developmental stage

● pattern bruising (belt, cord, handprint)

● immersion burns (clear lines)

● genital bruising/redness → sexual abuse

● poor hygiene, malnutrition, inappropriate clothing

Types of Abuse

● neglect, emotional, physical, sexual, psychological

● medical child abuse (munchausen by proxy)

TEST TIP: if story doesn’t match injury → correct to suspect abuse

TRAP: you do NOT need proof to report

Discover Study notes of Nursing Nova Southeastern University (NSU)

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PEDIATRIC FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

VITAL SIGNS IN PEDS

● Newborn: HR 110–160 | RR 30–60 | BP ~60–80/40– ● Infant: HR 100–150 | RR 30–50 | BP ~80–100 systolic ● Toddler: HR 90–140 | RR 24–40 | BP ~90–105 systolic ● Preschool: HR 80–110 | RR 22–34 | BP ~95–110 systolic ● School-age: HR 70–100 | RR 18–30 | BP ~100– ● Adolescent: HR 60–90 | RR 12–20 | BP ~110– ○ HR and RR are higher in younger children and decrease with age ○ Tachycardia is an early sign of distress, dehydration, or hypoxia ○ Tachypnea = early respiratory distress ○ Hypotension = late sign (child is already decompensating) ○ SpO₂ < 90% = notify provider immediately TEST TIP: first sign of deterioration = tachycardia or tachypnea CHILD ABUSE Indications of Child Abuse ● bruising various stages ● uncomfortable with questions ● family dynamic ● stages mix match with development ● delay in seeking care ● injuries inconsistent with developmental stage ● pattern bruising (belt, cord, handprint) ● immersion burns (clear lines) ● genital bruising/redness → sexual abuse ● poor hygiene, malnutrition, inappropriate clothing Types of Abuse ● neglect, emotional, physical, sexual, psychological ● medical child abuse (munchausen by proxy) TEST TIP: if story doesn’t match injury → correct to suspect abuse TRAP: you do NOT need proof to report

PAIN

Pain Scales ● dependent on kids (need to know numbers for number scales, usually 6 years-old) ● FLACC scale (infants/nonverbal): Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (0–2 each, total 0–10) ● Faces scale (Wong-Baker): child points to face (age ~3–7) ● Numeric scale: 0–10 (≥6 years old, requires abstract thinking) Nonpharmacological pain control ● sucking, distraction, guided imagery, TV, positioning ● therapeutic play, parental presence, bubble blowing TEST TIP: ● infant → FLACC ● toddler → faces ● school-age → numeric TRAP: don’t use numeric scale in toddlers GASTROINTESTINAL Celiac ● No wheat, rye, barley (rice, potato, corn) ● Stunted growth, diarrhea, cramping ● autoimmune → intestinal villi damage → malabsorption TEST TIP: chronic diarrhea + poor growth = celiac CLEFT LIP + PALETTE BABIES ● Early repair: first 1–3 months ● special dropper, nipple, squeeze cheeks ● aspiration & respiratory infections ● usually temp NG tube ● important to fix early speech wise ● burp frequently (air intake) ● upright feeding ● risk: otitis media

TEST TIP: acute attack → albuterol FIRST TRAP: steroids are NOT rescue meds Cystic Fibrosis ● genetic, not contagious (autosomal recessive) ● thick secretions ● RT so important ● clogs pancreas ● pancreatic enzymes with meals ● preventing infections + aspiration ● percussion vests ● lots of antibiotics ● diabetes later ● sweat chloride test diagnostic ● high-calorie diet needed TEST TIP: enzymes MUST be taken with food, EVERY MEAL TRAP: no enzymes = malnutrition. ENT / EYES Conjunctivitis ● clear runny discharge + pink eye = viral/allergen ● runny nose + mucous eyes = viral/allergen ● pus drainage = bacterial ● antibiotic drops for bacterial ● bacterial starts unilateral → spreads ● viral resolves 7–14 days TEST TIP: pus = antibiotics GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Infant Growth & Development ● gross → fine motor ● sit before walking ● 4 months head control ● 4–6 months' rollover ● 6–8 months: sit without help ● 9–10 months: pull to stand ● 1-year walk ● double weight 6 months, triple by 12 months

● solids 4–6 months ○ one new food at a time ● Tylenol before 6 months (NO ibuprofen) ● cephalocaudal & proximodistal development ● fontanels: posterior closes 2 months, and the anterior closes 18 months ● object permanence at ~8 months TEST TIP: Know ORDER, not exact ages TRAP: walking before sitting = wrong Toddler Development ● autonomy vs shame + doubt ● giving them control ● parallel play ● egocentric thinking ● temper tantrums normal TEST TIP: best intervention = give choices CARDIAC Heart Failure ● congenital problems ● cyanotic vs acyanotic ● poor feeding, SOB, crackles ● weight gain = fluid overload ● diuretics, surgery ● sweating during feeds ● failure to thrive TEST TIP: sweating while feeding = heart failure NEURO Cerebral Palsy ● hypoxia at birth ● not progressive ● therapies only ● lifelong motor impairment Seizures ● safety, protect from injury

RENAL

Acute Nephritis ● from strep ● HTN ● dark tea-colored urine, edema Nephrotic Syndrome ● autoimmune ● similar symptoms ● protein loss → edema ● infection risk TEST TIP: edema = protein problem HEME/ONC Leukemia ● WBC high, RBC low ● anemia + infection ● bone marrow failure ● fatigue, bleeding Hemophilia A ● X-linked ● joint bleeding ● Factor VIII deficiency TEST TIP: avoid IM injections SKIN ● contact dermatitis ● eczema ● impetigo = honey-colored crust ● cellulitis = red, warm, swollen POST-OP Tonsillectomy

● no sharp food, no straws, no red food ● pain meds ● watch for bleeding (frequent swallowing) ○ You won’t see blood → look for behavior TEST TIP: swallowing = bleeding FINAL TEST STRATEGY (MOST IMPORTANT) ● Kids compensate → then crash fast ● Toddlers = choices ● “bilious” → obstruction ● “projectile” → pyloric ● Albuterol = rescue ● Steroids = control ● If child can’t talk → don’t pick numeric ● “First” → immediate action ● “Best” → safest long-term ● Always prioritize:

**1. Airway

Breathing
Circulation** ● Early signs = subtle ● Late signs = severe

Peds Final study guide, Study notes of Nursing

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PEDIATRIC FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

VITAL SIGNS IN PEDS

PAIN

RENAL