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C464 Introduction to Communication
Study Guide Exam And Actual Answers.
Stages of Perception - Answer Selection, Organization, Interpretation Selection - Answer First stage of perception. We choose which stimuli to ignore and which to process Selective Exposure - Answer We will attend to information which confirms our existing beliefs and is not at odds with our viewpoints Selective Attention - Answer Once we are engaged in a particular interaction, we focus on certain information and ignore other information Selective Perception - Answer Our inclination to see, hear, and believe what we want to see, hear, and believe Selective Recall - Answer We remember things we agree with rather than things that are contrary to our beliefs Organization - Answer 2nd stage of perception. A communicator's efforts to group information into meaningful units to make further sense out of the information Organizing Information - Distinguishing between figure and ground - Answer Figure out what the point of emphasis for your attention is (figure) and the background of the particular stimuli that capture your focused attention (ground) Organizing Information - Closure - Answer Our ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception
Organizing Information - Proximity - Answer Organizing information based on its proximity in relation to other information Organizing Information - Similarity - Answer Organizing information based on its similarity, or the degree to which something shares attributes with other stimuli Interpretation - Answer The 3rd stage of perception. We assign meaning to stimuli Perception Modifiers - Answer BIOLOGICAL (height, sense of smell, eyesight) PAST EXPERIENCES (family, education, relationships) IDENTITY (Cultural and group affiliations) CURRENT INTERNAL STATES (hungry, tired, confident, well-rested, etc) Self-concept - Answer The way you define yourself. Groups we're a part of, roles we play, relationships and experiences we have Self-esteem - Answer The degree to which you approve of, value, and like the concept that you have of yourself Attribution errors - Answer Common mistakes people make in perceiving events, messages, and people. The two primary types are the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias Fundamental Attribution errors - Answer The mistake of attributing other people's positive characteristics to external, situation favors, and their negative characteristics and failures to aspects of who they are Locus of Causation - Answer Refers to whether a communicator's behavior was motivated by an internal state such as intelligence, compassion, or honesty, or instead motivated by an external factor such as resources, luck, favoritism, or the situation,
Polychronic people tend to like working on multiple things at one time. They change plans and priorities easily, and the border between work and personal time is fluid for them. Rich media - Answer Media which comes close to simulating face-to-face communication Lean media - Answer Media which relies mostly on text and permits little or no exchange of affect, instant feedback, or important nonverbal clues Role-taking - Answer the skill that allows communicators to figuratively stand in one another's shoes and assume one another's social roles and perspective. Denotative meanings - Answer The universal or dictionary definitions of words that groups agree on Connotative meanings - Answer Contextual meanings that we associate with words, meanings that often express some kind of value beyond the commonly agreed upon definition Concrete words - Answer Refer to tangible objects - car, rock, boat Abstract words - Answer Refer to intangibles - honor, love, moral God terms - Answer Words that trigger positive and desirable feelings Devil terms - Answer Words that trigger negativity and may incite angry action Bias-free language - Answer language which is sensitive to others' sex, race, age, physical condition, and other characteristics Verbal immediacy - Answer Verbally immediate people are viewed by others as warm, friendly, accepting, approachable, and understanding Kinesics - Answer The study of body movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions
Emblems - Answer Nonverbal movements that substitute for words and verbalization. Hold a hand up for "stop", giving the "thumbs up" symbol to suggest that all is well Illustrators - Answer Movements that accompany or reinforce the meaning of a verbal code, like shaking our head to tell someone "no" or nodding our head to say "yes" Affect displays - Answer Nonverbal movements that reveal emotion. Slumped shoulders, minimal eye contact may indicate sadness. Adaptors - Answer Movements that communicators engage in, sometimes unconsciously, to relieve stress and anxiety. For example, a nervous speaker may tap their fingers on the podium. Proxemics - Answer The ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meanings Intimate distance - Answer <18 inches from you. Reserved for the closest people. Personal distance - Answer 18 inches to 4 feet away from you. Used by most Americans for conversation with friends and acquaintances Social distance - Answer 4 feet to 12 feet. Most often used in the workplace Public distance - Answer >12 feet away. Used in public speaking and lecturing. Haptics - Answer The use of touch in communication Paralanguage - Answer Uses of the voice other than to express words and phrases such as pitch, rate, tone, enunciation Artifacts - Answer Ornaments and adornments a person displays. Jewelry, hairstyle and colors, makeup, clothing, watches, cars, glasses
HIDDEN: Represents things you know about yourself but keep hidden from others UNKNOWN: Represents things which are unknown both to you and others Two aspects of disclosure - Answer Breadth (range of topics discussed) and Depth (the significance of the information that is disclosed) Relationship audition - Answer The beginning phase of a relationship in which we decide if we'd like to pursue it or not Intensification - Answer A purposive period of communication intended to escalate the relationship into greater intimacy and commitment. Strategies include spending more time together, providing social and emotional support, giving gifts, etc. Dialectical tension - Answer tension that exists between two competing and contradictory, but related, forces Sources of tension in relationships - Answer Connection/autonomy (Relationship vs. independence) Predictability/novelty (too much unpredictability is scary. not enough is boring) Openness/privacy Message complexity - Answer Messages that are too complex can cause a listener to shut down Information overload - Answer Too much information (text, imagery, audio, video) can cause a listener to shut down Physical noise - Answer Too much noise can cause a listener to shut down Preoccupation - Answer When you are so focused on a single task, thought, or message that we don't listen effectively to anything else
Passivity - Answer Passively listening (AKA not listening at all) Self-talk - Answer Internal dialogue Sender-receiver reciprocity - Answer Both communicators simultaneously send and receive messages and adapt to one another's feedback Groupthink - Answer A team's overwhelming motivation to agree and reach consensus Social Loafing - Answer When one or more members exert little or no effort to the team's work Four stages of team development - Answer Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing Team Development - Forming - Answer The team explores and identifies its primary objective(s) Team Development - Storming - Answer Team members may openly disagree about roles, goals, and processes. They compete to assume the roles and to obtain the resources they want. Team Development - Norming - Answer The conflicts are resolved and the team members begin to assume their roles in functional, appropriate ways. Team Development - Performing - Answer Members do the work necessary to accomplish the team's objectives. People know one another well and understand their roles. This is when synergy develops. Power - Answer The authority or ability to influence other people to do things they may lack motivation to do on their own without influence. Reward power - Answer Team members believe an individual member has the potential for either providing a positive reward or removing something negative
