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Phonetics (Complete Guide)
Stop Consonants - /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ Fricatives - /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /θ/ /ð/ Affricates - /tʃ/ /dʒ/ Nasals - /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ Liquids - /l/ /r/ Glides - /w/ /j/ Glottal - /ʔ/ Front Vowels - /i/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ Back Vowels - /u/ /ʊ/ /oʊ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/ Central Vowels - /ʌ/ /ə/ /ɚ/ /ɝ/ Diphthongs - /aʊ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /eɪ/ /oʊ/ Nasal Cavity - Oral Cavity - Hard Palate - Nasopharynx - Velum - Uvula - Oropharynx -
Epiglottis - Laryngopharynx - Esophagus - Trachea - Vocal Folds - Hyoid Bone - Alveolar Ridge - Glottis - IPA - International Phonetics Alphabet phoneme - speech sound phonetics - study of speech sounds of a spoken language allophones - variations within a phoneme class; heard as on and the same phoneme minimal pairs - two words that differ by only one phoneme number of phonemes - 43 (up to 50 depending on dialect) respiration - start of speech (have to air to have speech) phonation - voicing component (vocal folds open or closed) resonation - the vibration as airstream passes through
back, rising diphthong boy - /ɔɪ/ sagital - medial vs lateral coronal - anterior vs posterior transversal - superior vs inferior place - the parts of the speech mechanism used most prominently for consonant production manner - how the airstream is modified voicing - presence or absence of vocal fold vibration cognates - pair of phonemes with same place and manner but different voicing singletons - one consonant phoneme with no other consonant phonemes adjacent to it sequences - two or more consonants in succession in the same syllable or word initial - prevocalic medial - intervocalic final - postvocalic blends - two or more adjacent consonants occurring in the same syllable abutting - two or more adjacent consonants that cross a syllable boundary Stop Consonants - -velopharyngeal port is closed
-stop phase: rapid closure in the oral cavity -aspiration: blocked air stream is released voiceless bilabial stop - /p/ voiced bilabial stop - /b/ voiceless (lingua) alveolar stop - /t/ voiced (lingua) alveolar stop - /d/ voiceless (lingua) velar stop - /k/ voiced (lingua) velar stop - /g/ Fricatives - -characterized by audible friction -results from the passage of voiced or voiceless airstream through a narrow opening voiceless labiodental fricative - /f/ voiced labiodental fricative - /v/ voiceless (lingua) dental fricative voiceless (inter) dental fricative - /θ/ voiced (lingua) dental fricative voiced (inter) dental fricative - /ð/ voiceless (lingua) alveolar fricative - /s/ voiced (lingua) alveolar fricative - /z/ voiceless (lingua) palatal fricative - /ʃ/ voiced (lingua) palatal fricative - /ʒ/ voiceless glottal fricative - /h/
monophthong - vowel produced with one unchanging articulatory position diphthong - change in tongue position closing nasal cavity - What is the main function of the velum during speech production? lateral - When the airstream flows over the sides of the tongue the consonant is a: larynx - The vocal folds are located within the: False - T or F: Each phoneme has one associated allophone base of the tongue - The epiglottis is located at: False - T or F: The vocal tract is relatively constricted during the production of vowels True - T or F: The letter i can correspond to more than one vowel phoneme Phonation - associated with a speakers fundamental frequency Resonation - results in voice quality Respiration - air source Articulation - shaping of air stream Progressive - an earlier occurring phoneme affects a phoneme that follows it Regressive - a later occurring phoneme alters the characteristic of a phoneme preceding it
Contiguous - the phonemes involved are immediately adjacent to each other Non-contiguous - if one or more phonemes separates the phonemes involved in assimilation Dialect - a rule based set of differences that make the speech of one American English speaker different from another Accent - refers to the phonetics and suprasegmental traits that characterize a persons speech Suprasegmentals - -accent -stress -phrasing -emphasis -intonation -tempo Syllable - a cluster of coarticulated sounds with a single vowel or diphthong nucleus with or without surrounding consonants True - T or F: A phoneme is composed of a group of allophones False - T or F: In the words side and site /t/ and /d/ are different allophones True - T or F: A child who has not learned all age appropriate rules governing phonology is said to have a phonological disorder False - T or F: The vowel phonemes in English are a,e,i,o,u and sometimes y False - T or F: In English there are more alphabet letters than phonemes
vocal folds - musical tissue shelved in larynx True - T or F: A vowel is necessary to have a syllable False - T or F: vowels are characterized by constriction in the vocal tract True - T or F: traditional consonant classification is based on place manner and voicing True - T or F: all front vowels are unrounded False - T or F: a word that contains two syllables must have at least two consonants True - T or F: the words pat and pet are minimal pairs True - T or F: The most commonly occurring American English vowels are E I and schwa point vowels - /i æ u ɑ/ False - T or F: Phonetic Transcription is another name for phonemic transcription phonemic - broad transcription phonetic - narrow transcription diacritics - used to detect differences of allophones in narrow transcription
