Download PHRM 1203 WK8 EXAM: Non-Opioid Analgesics, NSAIDs, and Opioid Analgesics and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
PHRM 1203 WK8 EXAM WITH CORRECT SOLUTION
What are non opioid analgesics? - ANSWER Drugs that relieve pain without opioids.
What is the indication for aspirin? - ANSWER Managing mild to moderate pain.
What is the antiplatelet action of aspirin? - ANSWER At lower doses, it prevents blood clotting.
What are the actions of aspirin? - ANSWER Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet.
When is aspirin rarely used as an analgesic? - ANSWER Except in specific circumstances like acute migraine and rheumatoid arthritis.
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin? - ANSWER It inhibits both forms of cyclo-oxygenase, preventing prostaglandin synthesis.
What are the contraindications for aspirin? - ANSWER Allergic reactions, asthma, active bleeding.
What is the indication for Paracetamol? - ANSWER Mild to moderate pain
What is the mechanism of action of Paracetamol? - ANSWER Inhibition of central prostaglandin synthesis and modulation of inhibitory descending serotonergic pathways
What precautions should be taken with Paracetamol? - ANSWER Caution with people with chronic liver disease (hepatotoxicity in overdose)
What are the adverse effects of Paracetamol? - ANSWER Hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. rash) and Stevens Johnson syndrome (rare)
Is Paracetamol safe to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding? - ANSWER Yes, it is safe to use
How can Paracetamol be administered? - ANSWER Orally, rectally, and IV
What is the onset of action after oral administration of Paracetamol? - ANSWER Rapid, around 30 minutes
What is the onset of action after IV administration of Paracetamol? - ANSWER 5- minutes
What is the onset of action after rectal administration of Paracetamol? - ANSWER Delayed with a slower onset of action
What are Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)? - ANSWER Drugs with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
What are the two categories of NSAIDs? - ANSWER Nonselective Cox inhibitors and selective Cox inhibitors.
Name some examples of nonselective Cox inhibitors. - ANSWER Aspirin, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Indometacin, Ketoprofen, Ketorolac, Mefenamic acid, Naproxen, Piroxicam.
Name some examples of selective Cox inhibitors. - ANSWER Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, Meloxicam, Parecoxib.
What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs? - ANSWER Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (COX).
What are the side effects of NSAIDs? - ANSWER Common: nausea, dyspepsia, GI ulceration or bleeding. Rare: blood dyscrasias, photosensitivity, severe skin reactions.
What are the precautions when using NSAIDs? - ANSWER Dehydration, asthma, coagulation disorders, heart failure & hypertension, gastrointestinal disease, renal disease, pregnancy.
What is the half-life of Ibuprofen? - ANSWER 2 to 2.5 hours.
What is the half-life of Piroxicam? - ANSWER 30 to 50 hours.
How are NSAIDs administered? - ANSWER Oral, topical, rectal, IV, IM.
Is it recommended to use more than one NSAID at a time? - ANSWER No, there is no rationale for using more than one NSAID at a time.
Can Paracetamol and NSAIDs be used together? - ANSWER Yes, they can be used together to manage patient's pain.
What are the benefits of using Paracetamol and NSAIDs together? - ANSWER Enables smaller doses of NSAIDs to be used.
What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with dehydration? - ANSWER Reduced renal function and risk of acute renal failure.
What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with asthma? - ANSWER Increased risk of bronchospasm.
What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with coagulation disorders? - ANSWER Increased risk of bleeding.
What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with heart failure and hypertension? - ANSWER Can cause sodium and fluid retention.
What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with gastrointestinal disease? - ANSWER Avoid in active peptic ulcer disease.
What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with renal disease? - ANSWER
metabolites.
What is the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics? - ANSWER They bind to opioid receptors in the CNS and GIT to produce analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, and constipation.
What is the affinity of individual opioid analgesics for receptors? - ANSWER The affinity varies, and opioids may act as pure agonists or partial agonists.
What is the primary effect of opioid analgesics? - ANSWER The primary effect is analgesia.
What are the nonopioid receptors targeted by tramadol and tapentadol? - ANSWER Tramadol and tapentadol target nonopioid receptors.
What is the associated risk with opioid analgesics? - ANSWER They are associated with serotonin toxicity.
What is the use of loperamide? - ANSWER Loperamide is used for diarrhea as it reduces bowel motility and increases fluid absorption.
What is codeine? - ANSWER Pro drug metabolized to morphine by CYP2D6.
Why may some people not obtain pain relief with codeine? - ANSWER Due to a lack of CYP2D6.
What are the risks for ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine? - ANSWER Higher morphine concentrations and increased risk of toxicity.
What are the disadvantages of pethidine? - ANSWER Accumulation of norpethidine and drug interactions.
What is the purpose of naloxone in Targin? - ANSWER To reduce opioid-induced GI adverse effects.
What is physical dependence? - ANSWER Common if receiving opioids for several weeks.
What are the symptoms of opioid withdrawal? - ANSWER Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, anxiety.
What is the recommended approach for discontinuing chronic opioid treatment? - ANSWER Tapering dose gradually.
What is the use of laxatives like docusate with senna? - ANSWER Useful for people requiring regular opioids.
What is the purpose of naloxone? - ANSWER To reverse opioid-related sedation and respiratory depression.
When is naloxone used in an emergency setting? - ANSWER In cases of overdose or excessive opioid administration.
What is the affinity of buprenorphine for Mu receptors? - ANSWER High affinity.
What may be needed in higher doses to reverse the effects of buprenorphine? - ANSWER Naloxone.
What should be monitored when opioids are given with sedatives? - ANSWER Pain and sedation scores.
What are the various routes of opioid administration? - ANSWER Oral, buccal,
Is the use of systemic opioids declining? - ANSWER Yes.
Do all women respond the same to systemic opioids? - ANSWER No, response varies.
What is the lowest dose of systemic opioids used? - ANSWER The lowest dose to minimize side effects.
What are the administration routes for systemic opioids? - ANSWER IM, IV, SC.
Do opioids readily cross the placenta? - ANSWER Yes.
What are the potential effects of opioids on the fetus? - ANSWER Changes in heart rate and respiratory effort at birth.
What is neuraxial analgesia? - ANSWER Common method for intrapartum pain management.
What are the different techniques of neuraxial analgesia? - ANSWER Epidural, spinal, or combined spinal epidural.
What are the benefits of epidurals for pain relief? - ANSWER Effective, reliable, and flexible labor analgesia.
What are the side effects of epidurals? - ANSWER Hypotension, shivering, itchiness, urinary retention, motor blockage, fever.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of user satisfaction?
- ANSWER Greater user satisfaction.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of additional pain relief? - ANSWER Less need for additional pain relief.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of nausea and vomiting? - ANSWER Less nausea and vomiting.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of respiratory depression? - ANSWER Less respiratory depression requiring oxygen.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of hypotension? - ANSWER More hypotension.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of maternal fevers? - ANSWER More maternal fevers.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of urinary retention?
- ANSWER More urinary retention.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of oxytocin use? - ANSWER More use of oxytocin for labor augmentation.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of length of labor? - ANSWER Increased length of labor.
How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of instrumental birth? - ANSWER More instrumental birth.
What is the benefit of combining low concentration of local anaesthetic agents with opioids? - ANSWER Superior analgesia
What are the effects of combining low concentration of local anaesthetic agents with
