Download PHRM1203 Week 8: Non-Opioid, NSAID, & Opioid Analgesics and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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What are non opioid analgesics? - CORRECT ANSWERS Drugs that relieve pain without opioids. What is the indication for aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWERS Managing mild to moderate pain. What is the antiplatelet action of aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWERS At lower doses, it prevents blood clotting. What are the actions of aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWERS Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet. When is aspirin rarely used as an analgesic? - CORRECT ANSWERS Except in specific circumstances like acute migraine and rheumatoid arthritis. What is the mechanism of action of aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWERS It inhibits both forms of cyclo-oxygenase, preventing prostaglandin synthesis. What are the contraindications for aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWERS Allergic reactions, asthma, active bleeding. What is the indication for Paracetamol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Mild to moderate pain What is the mechanism of action of Paracetamol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Inhibition of central prostaglandin synthesis and modulation of inhibitory descending serotonergic pathways
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What precautions should be taken with Paracetamol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Caution with people with chronic liver disease (hepatotoxicity in overdose) What are the adverse effects of Paracetamol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. rash) and Stevens Johnson syndrome (rare) Is Paracetamol safe to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding? - CORRECT ANSWERS Yes, it is safe to use How can Paracetamol be administered? - CORRECT ANSWERS Orally, rectally, and IV What is the onset of action after oral administration of Paracetamol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Rapid, around 30 minutes What is the onset of action after IV administration of Paracetamol? - CORRECT ANSWERS 5-10 minutes What is the onset of action after rectal administration of Paracetamol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Delayed with a slower onset of action What are Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Drugs with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
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Is it recommended to use more than one NSAID at a time? - CORRECT ANSWERS No, there is no rationale for using more than one NSAID at a time. Can Paracetamol and NSAIDs be used together? - CORRECT ANSWERS Yes, they can be used together to manage patient's pain. What are the benefits of using Paracetamol and NSAIDs together? - CORRECT ANSWERS Enables smaller doses of NSAIDs to be used. What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWERS Reduced renal function and risk of acute renal failure. What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with asthma? - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased risk of bronchospasm. What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with coagulation disorders? - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased risk of bleeding. What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with heart failure and hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWERS Can cause sodium and fluid retention. What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with gastrointestinal disease? - CORRECT ANSWERS Avoid in active peptic ulcer disease.
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What are the potential risks of using NSAIDs in patients with renal disease? - CORRECT ANSWERS Can reduce renal function. What are opioid analgesics? - CORRECT ANSWERS Medications used for moderate to severe pain. Name some opioid analgesics. - CORRECT ANSWERS Buprenorphine, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Pethidine, Tapentadol, Tramadol, Loperamide. What is the indication for opioid analgesics? - CORRECT ANSWERS Moderate to severe pain, usually acute or cancer-related. Are opioid analgesics effective for nociplastic pain? - CORRECT ANSWERS No, they are ineffective for nociplastic pain. Are opioid analgesics consistently effective for neuropathic pain? - CORRECT ANSWERS No, they are not consistently effective for neuropathic pain. How do opioid analgesics modulate nociceptive stimuli? - CORRECT ANSWERS They modulate nociceptive stimuli between the ascending and descending pathways in the CNS. Where do opioid receptors bind? - CORRECT ANSWERS Opioid receptors are located in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and gastrointestinal tract. What are the types of opioid receptors? - CORRECT ANSWERS Mu, kappa, and delta receptors.
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What is the affinity of individual opioid analgesics for receptors? - CORRECT ANSWERS The affinity varies, and opioids may act as pure agonists or partial agonists. What is the primary effect of opioid analgesics? - CORRECT ANSWERS The primary effect is analgesia. What are the nonopioid receptors targeted by tramadol and tapentadol? - CORRECT ANSWERS Tramadol and tapentadol target nonopioid receptors. What is the associated risk with opioid analgesics? - CORRECT ANSWERS They are associated with serotonin toxicity. What is the use of loperamide? - CORRECT ANSWERS Loperamide is used for diarrhea as it reduces bowel motility and increases fluid absorption. What is codeine? - CORRECT ANSWERS Pro drug metabolized to morphine by CYP2D6. Why may some people not obtain pain relief with codeine? - CORRECT ANSWERS Due to a lack of CYP2D6. What are the risks for ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine? - CORRECT ANSWERS Higher morphine concentrations and increased risk of toxicity. What are the disadvantages of pethidine? - CORRECT ANSWERS Accumulation of norpethidine and drug interactions.
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What is the purpose of naloxone in Targin? - CORRECT ANSWERS To reduce opioid-induced GI adverse effects. What is physical dependence? - CORRECT ANSWERS Common if receiving opioids for several weeks. What are the symptoms of opioid withdrawal? - CORRECT ANSWERS Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, anxiety. What is the recommended approach for discontinuing chronic opioid treatment? - CORRECT ANSWERS Tapering dose gradually. What is the use of laxatives like docusate with senna? - CORRECT ANSWERS Useful for people requiring regular opioids. What is the purpose of naloxone? - CORRECT ANSWERS To reverse opioid- related sedation and respiratory depression. When is naloxone used in an emergency setting? - CORRECT ANSWERS In cases of overdose or excessive opioid administration. What is the affinity of buprenorphine for Mu receptors? - CORRECT ANSWERS High affinity.
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How quickly does Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen take effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS Approximately 50 seconds. Does Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen cross the placenta? - CORRECT ANSWERS Yes, but it has no impact on APGAR score or neonatal nursery admission. How is Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen administered? - CORRECT ANSWERS Self- administered intermittently with onset of contraction or just prior. How effective is Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen compared to neuraxial analgesia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Less effective. What are systemic opioids? - CORRECT ANSWERS Medications used for intrapartum pain management. Is the use of systemic opioids declining? - CORRECT ANSWERS Yes. Do all women respond the same to systemic opioids? - CORRECT ANSWERS No, response varies. What is the lowest dose of systemic opioids used? - CORRECT ANSWERS The lowest dose to minimize side effects. What are the administration routes for systemic opioids? - CORRECT ANSWERS IM, IV, SC.
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Do opioids readily cross the placenta? - CORRECT ANSWERS Yes. What are the potential effects of opioids on the fetus? - CORRECT ANSWERS Changes in heart rate and respiratory effort at birth. What is neuraxial analgesia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Common method for intrapartum pain management. What are the different techniques of neuraxial analgesia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Epidural, spinal, or combined spinal epidural. What are the benefits of epidurals for pain relief? - CORRECT ANSWERS Effective, reliable, and flexible labor analgesia. What are the side effects of epidurals? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypotension, shivering, itchiness, urinary retention, motor blockage, fever. How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of user satisfaction? - CORRECT ANSWERS Greater user satisfaction. How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of additional pain relief? - CORRECT ANSWERS Less need for additional pain relief. How does epidural analgesia compare to opioid analgesia in terms of nausea and vomiting? - CORRECT ANSWERS Less nausea and vomiting.
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What are the effects of combining low concentration of local anaesthetic agents with opioids? - CORRECT ANSWERS Shorter duration of second stage labour, fewer assisted births, greater ambulation, less urinary retention
