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Human Physiology: Cardiovascular System - Questions and Answers, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Physiology

Virginia State University (VSU)Physiology

A series of questions and answers related to the cardiovascular system in human physiology. It covers key concepts such as cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure, and the role of different cells and hormones in regulating cardiovascular function. Suitable for students studying human physiology or related fields.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

Available from 02/17/2025

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Phys 261 FINAL Exam Study Guide Review
1.Motor End Plate: An area of muscle fiber membrane that is in close
association with the axon terminal of the motor neuron, contain
receptors for acetylcholine
2.Axon Terminal of Motor Neuron: An area that contains many synaptic
vesicles filled with acetylcholine
3.ACh receptor-channel: A structure that when bound to a ligand opens a
divalent channel for the movement of both Na+ and K+
4.Action Potential: A change in membrane voltage that travels down the
T-tubule to cause opening of Ca2+ channels
5.Calcitonin: Which of the following hormones is currently thought to
decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?
A) thyroid hormones
B.) Calcitonin
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) Calcitriol
6.Calcitriol: PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
A) Calcitonin
B) Vit D
C) Calcitriol
D) Thyroid Hormones
7.Calcitriol: Which hormone works directly in the intestine to
increase plasma calcium levels?
A) Calcitriol
B) Calcitonin
C) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
8.arrival of an action potential: What causes the release of calcium
from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a
muscle cell?
A) ATP
B) Calcium ion pump
C) arrival of an action potential
D) Troponin
9.troponin: The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the
myosin binding sites to be exposed?
- actin
-tropomyosin
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27
pf28
pf29
pf2a
pf2b
pf2c
pf2d
pf2e
pf2f
pf30
pf31
pf32
pf33
pf34
pf35
pf36
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pf38
pf39

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Phys 261 FINAL Exam Study Guide Review

  1. Motor End Plate: An area of muscle fiber membrane that is in close association with the axon terminal of the motor neuron, contain receptors for acetylcholine
  2. Axon Terminal of Motor Neuron: An area that contains many synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine
  3. ACh receptor-channel: A structure that when bound to a ligand opens a divalent channel for the movement of both Na+ and K+
  4. Action Potential: A change in membrane voltage that travels down the T-tubule to cause opening of Ca2+ channels
  5. Calcitonin: Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? A) thyroid hormones B.) Calcitonin C) parathyroid hormone (PTH) D) Calcitriol
  6. Calcitriol: PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? A) Calcitonin B) Vit D C) Calcitriol D) Thyroid Hormones
  7. Calcitriol: Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? A) Calcitriol B) Calcitonin C) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
  8. arrival of an action potential: What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell? A) ATP B) Calcium ion pump C) arrival of an action potential D) Troponin
  9. troponin: The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?
  • actin
  • tropomyosin

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  • myosin
  • troponin

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  1. Calcium binds to troponin, altering its shape.: What is the role of calcium in the cross bridge cycle? -Calcium binds to active sites on actin, forming the cross bridge. -Calcium binds to myosin, causing the myosin head to release from the actin myofilament. -Calcium binds to troponin, altering its shape. -Calcium binds to troponin, exposing the active site on troponin.
  2. The displacement of tropomyosin exposes the active sites of actin, allow- ing cross bridges to form.: What role does tropomyosin play in the cross bridge cycle? -Tropomyosin moves the actin filament relative to the myosin filament. -Tropomyosin pushes the myosin head away, causing cross bridge detachment. -Tropomyosin binds to calcium, causing muscle relaxation. -The displacement of tropomyosin exposes the active sites of actin, allowing cross bridges to form.
  3. Troponin controls the position of tropomyosin on the thin filament, en- abling myosin heads to bind to the active sites on actin.: How does troponin facilitate cross bridge formation? -Troponin moves away from the active sites on actin, permitting cross bridge forma- tion. -Troponin controls the position of tropomyosin on the thin filament, enabling myosin heads to bind to the active sites on actin. -Troponin hydrolyzes ATP, which provides the energy necessary for cross bridges to form. -Troponin gathers excess calcium that might otherwise block actin's progress.
  4. myosin binding to actin: What, specifically, is a cross bridge? -myosin binding to actin -ATP binding to the myosin head
  • tropomyosin covering the active sites on actin -calcium binding to troponin
  1. ATP binding to the myosin head: Which event causes cross bridge detach- ment?

5 / 57 -release of ADP and inorganic phosphate from the myosin head -ATP binding to the myosin head

7 / 57 D) contractility

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  1. Cardiac Output (CO): the volume of blood per minute pumped out by one ventricle
  2. End Systolic Volume (ESV): the volume of blood in one ventricle after contrac- tion
  3. Heart Rate (HR): the number of heart beats per minute
  4. Venous Return (VR): the volume of blood per minute flowing into one atrium
  5. Stroke Volume (SV): the volume of blood per heart beat pumped out by one ventricle
  6. End Diastolic Volume (EDV): the volume of blood in one ventricle before con- traction
  7. AV bundle: Electrical link(s) between atria and ventricles
  8. Internodal pathways: Link(s) between the SA node and AV node
  9. SA node: Set(s) the pace for the entire heart
  10. Purkinje fibers: Convey(s) the impulse throughout the ventricular walls
  11. Bundle branches: Convey(s) the impulse down the interventricular septum
  12. AV node: Delay(s) occurs here while atria contract
  13. SA node: Which part of the intrinsic conduction system normally initiates the depolarizing impulse that causes a heartbeat? -Internodal pathway -AV node -SA node -AV bundle
  14. isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation: - Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.
  15. SA node: Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing im- pulse, which spreads throughout the heart? Purkinje fibers SA node AV node AV bundle (bundle of His)
  16. electrical activity in the heart: What does the ECG wave tracing represent? -contraction of the heart -electrical activity in the heart

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  1. P wave: Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? -T wave -QRS complex -P wave
  2. AV node: Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? -bundle branches -SA node -Purkinje fibers -AV bundle (bundle of His) -AV node
  3. two: The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
  4. right atrium: Which chamber receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava?
  5. left atrium: Which heart chamber receives blood form the pulmonary veins?
  6. right ventricle: Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pul- monary trunk?
  7. left ventricle: Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out of aorta to the systemic circuit?
  8. epinephrine and norepinephrine: Which of the following would increase heart rate? -increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system -decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system -epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • acetylcholine
  1. Blood Viscosity: the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.
  2. Total peripheral resistance: the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.
  3. cardiac output: the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.
  4. blood pressure: the force of the blood against the vessel wall.
  5. an increase in heart rate and contractility: Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? -Vasodilation of arteries -a decrease in blood pressure -an increase in heart rate and contractility

11 / 57 -a decrease in cardiac output

13 / 57 -potassium and sodium -sodium and calcium

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  • calcium
  • sodium
  • potassium
  1. blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls: - Which of the following is occurring during systole? A) pulse pressure decreases B) blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases C) blood pressure increases D) more stress is placed on arterial walls E) blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls
  2. The AV valves close.: Which event results in the first heart sound? A) The semilunar valves close. B) The semilunar valves open. C) The AV valves close. D) The AV valves open. E) The atria contract.
  3. sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys.: Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in A) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys. B) water conservation by the kidneys. C) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels. D) sympathetic stimulation of the heart. E) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels and water conservation by the kidneys.
  4. A power stroke: occurs when myosin crossbridges attach to actin filaments and pull them toward the middle of the sarcomere. -An action potential
  • Hydrolysis -A power stroke -Myosin head rotation
  1. The pacemaker potential: For what are If channels responsible in cardiac autorhythmic cells?

16 / 57 -Action potential -The pacemaker potential -Membrane repolorization

  1. increases: If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?
  • increases
  • decreases -is unchanged
  1. heart rate will decrease.: If the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, -the membrane will depolarize. -heart rate will increase. -stroke volume will increase. -intracellular concentration of calcium ion will increase. -heart rate will decrease.
  2. actin and ATP: Each myosin head has a binding site for -calcium and ATP. -ATP only. -calcium only. -actin and ATP. -actin only.
  3. stroke volume: The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the -cardiac output. -stroke volume. -end-diastolic volume. -end-systolic volume. -cardiac reserve.
  4. dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel).: The action po- tential traveling along the t-tubule changes the conformation of the -dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel). -acetylcholine receptor. -Ca2+ ATPase

17 / 57 -ryanodine receptor.

19 / 57 -both Ca2+ and K+ -both Na+ and K+

  1. the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.: During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole, -blood is ejected into the great vessels. -the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. -the atria contract. -the ventricles are relaxing. -the ventricles are filling with blood.
  2. It would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries.: Hours after a surgery, a patient is taken for a walk around the hospital floor. What effect would an increase in venous return have on mean arterial pressure? -It would increase it, by increasing total peripheral resistance. -It would decrease it, by keeping blood in the veins. -It would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries. -The veins do not have any effect on MAP.
  3. Ca2+: In a cardiac autorhythmic cell, which ion is responsible for the increase in membrane potential from threshold during an action potential?
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Cl-
  • Ca2+
  1. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.: The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because -it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. -it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. -it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained. -it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. -All of the answers are correct.
  2. cardiac output (CO): the volume of blood circulated from one ventricle in one minute

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  1. Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely propor- tional to resistance.: Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and