Physics original notes, Lecture notes of Physics

Physics study notes Physics original notes

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

Available from 08/14/2025

FATTOUH
FATTOUH 🇺🇸

4.3

(3)

766 documents

1 / 53

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27
pf28
pf29
pf2a
pf2b
pf2c
pf2d
pf2e
pf2f
pf30
pf31
pf32
pf33
pf34
pf35

Partial preview of the text

Download Physics original notes and more Lecture notes Physics in PDF only on Docsity!

PHYSTCS -» block 2 a1/\90 /2> | SOLTOS _¢ deFinite ghape C igi) ee a eo} definite olume f oe no definite ghape:. able +t» low ag e| deFinite volume GASTZS Glano definite shace + will ake the shape of their 4 8 ain : e|no Fixed volume » Will expand te Fi\l a closed contaimer ‘eel Wieahl Comoressible Scanned with CamScanner Ag o_o po f ADR in a et et: cas fae —> molecules ane VEEN close fogerher and arcanged in rar reaqular pattern seen —> molecules vibrate abovt Fined O81 HONS _ Ln \adurd ... —™ molecules ane sit 6 ogether bot arr no ongyer i 8 linge du pane peti) ee — molecules are able +o Slide ere ae ———__—_— —-- ——_——_____— ——_—__—— ——— ee —_—-—-—_—_—— — — TT _ — _————$—$ —$——— ————— ina wo —> molecules are widely seperated Tics coreg =< 7 —? molecules ave about Candomly Sut Wigs specs AS = $< aoa ‘al _the speed of Ehe molecoles (nao AAS LS a proper HonoA to +he temperature and inve rs@\y opoC HoneA +o Abe Molar mass | pt tle. a> - — ——_—— $$$ $$ ___ — —- —- — —— ee ——_——. $$. — — D be saibeescee ti kine re lhe oer ad Ehat fon 2A riicle cay) have («S at -Qt2Q*( Caka “absolute. zero’ ) Le —_ —— — ——— ——______—_. —_—____.-— | ee mo Nor 6+ MACTOST 0 PIC hen COENE Sy ivy oN ——_ Sue penSion | LS evidence For the kinehe pay cle mode | 6c | moArer $$ — $$$ $$ _ ~~~ — ——_— a ————$$$$ — ——~— | ~ [pRowNt AWN “Hotton Cem FE a ° | Eke candom Ziqn Zaq mohon_ of. parhe cles after colliding wi ts other porheles or Le well of he contairve ¢_ 5 _ sal mecseinecoc _ — ooo —-— —— —— —_~—— — °F =>ma ( Force = mass xX accelanakeon ) Scanned with CamScanner —_- — —-—-~— -— SS — —_—— — — — ——--—- _-- ——————__- — | THERMAL EXPANST oN ee ee Seg tubou te 1S a ProceSS where o bedu ex PandS in erthen _ [area y volume or Share When heated. ___ Ly Solids a ae a ee ee _ wal Solia = ats —pestnsiss nen To vibrate, al [the Vid wail cepa _P now you can opew sPo ———— ae —_____—— ——--— — —_————— -——— ——— — —--— —_—__—__—— — — i> (Gada Jobe - Liqats_b iS veated 5 VxS Pa pbiie i begin, +o vilbrake y this | [| takeS LD —more Space ayyd _Miaguid expands _ | em. thermometer — — —~— —— ———_- — — ——__—__—_—____ Ee — -_ —v put te samething het hot _ —_— “—P the mercury INS IOe iL pure ail 4 sf ~ —- -- — a ————_-_——_ $$ —_—___—— — = 408 is heated 5 ifs particles begin to vibrate 4 this Siro | e -akes UP more peace and gas expands M5 balloon / | — > prt a__ balloon sok side on a hot Jan. —> +T2 4a wmsidse fhe ba llooy C71 Pands + | Fie eventually ch. ballom will pop ———— — | + —__—__—___ aw Qas expands the mest, fhen liquids, thin solids — qases have +e weakest intermolecular ferces Lgquids have a Strong, © atermolecular Gree Than GAS SolidS hove the strongest intermolecviar Force Scanned with CamScanner __ ee 27 J\of/o2 a nl every applica Hon & | ce snttgerncel at thermal ¢9¢pansio’ applications EB -ERPansian of me cecum in a ‘Thermomeben {a P[ sremoveh of tight lids _ —— ——— _ — r CONSEquences * PX pan S10n of bridges / Calwen tracks cavgo +~hem _*> ger bent ee : - walls Collap Sing due ae! bol ging —____ _ $$ $$__—____ ——————$__—— —_— —-— ———_——____— —— ——— ——______—— a ————— —__—_———— - — --— — —— — — $$$ ___—_————_—_ —_——- — — —- _ —_ —__—____ “Internal Energy ee ——— _» Sowy oF all of the pe sheik and. jernele wees 2 W2 Ps of an ols’ ee a _ oe — >| rise wm erature increases wets internal sere y— a Na Asnpecadure cimmadntl ile vel nae — kinetic al oAl_ tlhe parbcleg in the ebiect, $$ — — —— — oo —— — — _ _ __ — increas ecl From Yo to Sa Jeng ka of Lead — ———_—_—— ~- —_——- —_—— ener a a4 Crans ¢ Cerrec rs %¥Go _ Specific heat capacity = ms ee eke Be _ >8uU0 = Sto = \>- va C C= Zaxlo Bic \ & J/ 4 — —- —— Scanned with CamScanner rfu far difference between borling and evapora tts ss boiling occurs ata Fixed *+empera ture and 4heoughout the Viquid. = a a Bi iy DES ttle — evaporation eccurs ok any Tem perature sev. amily ov" 1} gur€ace ._ ——— —— — — — —_ -_-~ $$$ --—- oe — melking point of water = O°C = _ — bisiliag peint of water = 100°C Syd) ses = setae ! —— - ——— —— Condensation and solidi ication :: t| condensation 1s +he process boy which «» Qos ——_—____—_—_— | tucNS in to a Liquid ew. Steam —rp water ~| solidiGicotion iS the process by which a liquid ‘}aurns in to a Solid €%. water —> ice —$_____ ——__—_—___— —— — —____— - —- —_— na VAs evaporahon, the parchcles with mere Rnergy escape _ whe fiquid Crom +Ahe surface 7 etn ~*~ &vapor ation Causes cooling of Sy Liquid = Lp when the hotter govincle ‘breaks Cree’ Crom +le Navid, it takes (tS energy with it so Abe —— — avera Ave Navid cool, down, facters o fecling evaporamon —_—__—— —— —— ~~ — @ temperature e) SutFace AR 9 @) air movement [ Eemperatuce 4 Surface art & + air mm overrien + s jee, xporesti-oe—t eva poroton—ft evapora en F Scanned with CamScanner Condvuc Hon :. ° +he Droces by which hear or electricity ts direct — +nrovg\h Ale materiah of 4 Substance | occurs via the ans Fe r»F keinehc Gnerau theovalh +X SS Erec ture e|] dependant on the gtructyre of tree sobs Tana > metaly Are aqood conductyrg becavge1:— ‘ ~ [le athig 5 o: Hee a domino effect ‘ exPpemmen+ p demonstrate goed [bad thermo E conodvehr rs. hot wax melts a at diffecent _ extents C coated in) degending on Ve makers oA's Condy cn on co eee” iro’ ——_—$ $$ eee Klay rhe heat travels Threyg bh +L tubes, the wan stocks tr rnelt ———_—_—___—_— _ -—_—-— —— oe * Coppers. icon and alumihum’s warxd:.melts +he mos ps They Ave Qood Conductors. Weed 18 a bad Conductor bece 2 ANS wax, barely melted aK oAl Scanned with CamScanner +herma ——_— el nFraned radiahon + OO Mn O'a 10M: asf) all byects emit . thermal energy transfer by thermeAl caodiaton does not requive A medium —_ For an object to be oa + constant temperature i+ needs ty transfer eVvve < en. ee Increases — effect of color on emission /absorphons- a} dull black is +Ahe best emitter and absor bar eee of inmFrared Ca eo shin white VS Ww (e] emwmber and abSorber ,F infrared Ty SN »| shinier tRe object 16, The more + lechve tt ae i fail enena enera - TRA Eeneca it = ener Ps Cs" aie im > *@enere cut 18 < ener: ~ Lxemp. { remarry 8 usia am 0. increases | Paes out [ temo _ decreases J —> for an object te worm ups energy must be added ee For an object +o tow} down . eneray mest be removeck Effects on radiation of colour and texture Emitting Absorbing Reflecting — ~~ en ee ce mee [White | Matt black iBest =—S~*«#@r : ‘Best Poor | “Worst G Good a en ie [shiny silver . Been “Worst Worst ——-° — -—-= me ——— - -—— =~ Best —- —- on Scanned with CamScanner Radiated out _ — to space Incoming solar radiation Shoct [iy Ay - Wave- : ena +lh— Absorbed in atmosphere _lona a“ : by greenhouse gases ~ , , Wave - — Lenarh he, Ti) /, Infrared ce 3 radiation from Sein —— ———————___ —---—- Ne —_—_ $$ $$. $$ ee Short Wave _lenq this oS. (fs On) eee S ccncann a aececoce “1 a2Gth absorbed | by Ehe ozone Lauer a 15*h reothes hee Corth’s. gorfhace2, of 2 ws Le MOSkt cadiaHon 1 conver ted to heat aceasta ——- Cong Woave Length * C Frem_eac th infrared ——— eleacth's surface re-emitsS radiation ak moch _ Longer wave Leng ths C inl rome d\n oe "| most of Ahe Cadiathhon 14 absorbed by the _| Areennouse gases in ovr _akmogphere. a that Fadia Hon is me Flec back at the ur Face ‘| this iS known ag the _‘arecenhouge effect s| because oF this oor planet gets hotter than USvoA, $$ —$__—_—_—— — —_—_—- RXam pres o F enhov&e ASeS \nclode i— : P ~Gre¢ ‘S So * Carbon dioxide (CS) * Water vopour (CW 30) ‘* Methane Ea Te ‘Nitrous oxide CN AC ‘ Ozone CO > ) Scanned with CamScanner — — —$—$$— ————$__—__—__ —-— — -———_-+—___- — -_——__— — ae Bis Cie nepitil a ina ik gt ® leeviepctesinestteahmaenma con duc hon: mons LL ——— —— —— -—- -—-—__-—- — ~~ hea ng a pan On oa a ee ee ee —-.—— ————_ $$ ———_—_-- —- - ~— — convecton = A a Se 7 —-> electric heaters , Ke a, fing yf 4 6g Ves — fadiathon:: [Ain i a ee — ——$$_—_—_——— > Che_ Light /heat_ eee te SS) A Pe Ce lace ee ok $$ === -_—— —— ———~— — — every der My COW Sequences of Conduchon:: ee _ so ecndltaeniiceeenti neni ! —_- bucning Your hand uhen HOw touch _ a ne eneg a ———_——— ——————— cconvecthon:: ee , md heat From Hoes mv denim Eecring othe ke arr by Conve chon currents _ eee ee 2 6 Cadia hon:: ——$—$__—___—_——- ——_—__—_—_—__— — a eacessive solar nedhiasone as i ——_—_—— — —— — Complex Uses ale: Foo a (54 Bec ARS OSA ee ee oe a Cine loeenin g Weed” _ _ _ =P ke a Basis trans Ferred VIA Aare curcenrss Coanuection) _ 7% nearby solid cbjyects get heated _ Cconduchon) _ . » the Gre gives out lig h* Cyradiatbon) radiator of aw cor: —_———— — — +4 conducts the heat of the engine Coonduc ond ———————_ —- water ELUNE _ cinculates hot anhfreeze ts radiotor (convecker Vv radiotkr fs radiate Ke ot bu evnith ng in crane d _ light Cradiahon — ee —_—— —~—- —— an nGeeeze = nw Navid trot lowers water's A~LeZin a point wlan added, \ j — Scanned with CamScanner —— o Block DB _ _ : __ IS/in fam _ Wave § --— — —— brangCex oF — 4 w lo = bEransFer oF mo ter cresk__ wavelength wi [ Frequency number of osci\\ ahons __ am plitude VU “ben) j , J oe per onrk Rhyme _ Ereugh _ ; “¥ Leora TS ER irre ensip de = mak. displacement of ¢ CLo vdness) : token fac 2 oscillation Molecule from Mean position a —— — — —_— ~~ — —————— liawe Cron) 7 Wave Qece A = L. A iw ave Leng Ih) (wave From above) ———_—_—_—— es of Wave § = aie -mechanicok _ Wayeg tEhak need Og medium eo i hes throug ‘al ~ €lectromagne hc 7 waves that don't need a medium fo go_ theo ugh — ~transverse _ _ Wayes wher Khe ws sleeves wilifale per pendiculew Eo othe WaVE mol Ov’ — — ~ Long tudinal __ —— AaVeEA wv) were Lhe moleculea vibrake_ por all ¢ | ke bkhe WAN Motion —— — —- —___——_ Behaviour of Waves “reflechon o_o a Change 1 direchon of wave when i*k strikes gn a surface — —rebrachen —- —— —- ————~ Change yal speek of a wave when te. see iics. Changes I= difFrachon — —— ~~ — __1Preading of wave as it Goes th cova CA oN” —~— Scanned with CamScanner 19/13.[2.2-_ _[Tavesti galingtefraction NCEE Sb Ae madadependan F vatiah le = Shape of the block = im —— _ [dependant variable = dinechon of refrachon nl control variables = width [Frequency / wavelength of Light S-equipment o| Ca box —~ bo provide A Yalow beam o F Lioh & ro krachur = bo measure Et angles of che bight beam + |pece of paper Eo mark Cines om For angle measure men + 7 encil — ky mark & erpendiculere angle lines on EL. paper “| euler & drau lines on paper *|perspex block -» Co nefrach tke light beam Weck a a [Se ae, —_— A a - vk angle Co ‘ecltletice 3 Has = - 7 aa cokok in ler reFlecHon fe eg bd» ev'= er’ Ly happens when all Ehe Lig hr is reFleched - ble Vig hh bokall inker wol\ a reflects in bath prisms 7 Scanned with CamScanner *{Uight travelling down an optical fibre interno |! ly reflected ach hme ik bhiks ae /19/22 $$ total internal reElechon in along optical Ghres :- bo g e cl $$ ee a | Be re aion m eclivim — SiN ta-corp madcence a _ ~*~ N= cy t— 2c reFraclen —_—— rehctie fn | \ sg = — » COW’ CAVE sdaverain 4 —___ Scanned with CamScanner ———_—_- <0 6) Oh lectromagne Hc § ectrum a a sradio Waves ee eeeeeeeeeEeEeeeEeeeeeeeeEeEeEeEeEeEeSESEeeEe ———E * Picre Wave -~ longest to or ™ in€ra md __ wavelengrts a ee ee —— pean 2,2 1 e visible _ ~ Lowest to Highest i Aca wick Erequvency _ _ * Mer WO oe ae oll tune it eS a amma rays me Ae.) ———-— -——__—_ - ~ — —- — pe a on — the speed an wield cpr aves 1S G ——— LLe Same Mm air and in a vaccumy 3x lO*® mls ——— —_—_——_ — ——— > ——~ ae ———_ gee Ee Gy ik ote as. Tadig waves *- ~ _ Cadic & pélonitians EorontenileStinss a ee —— \denbhcation CRETD) Microwaves >= Satellile TV = onalsi' Le — 2 4 c ell dhavae sx Microw ave GVENS in Frored. ° ro electric arillsc, Short | SS Ccommounicakons gsoch as nemole covl-rellers for TV'S . imbrodar alacms , pimeerenesll maging > optical Gbres ——-—~ —————$_—_——_ ——__ + — — — vigible 1 __ cg a ee _ VASIOW 4 photnara shu, Nuniwok wot oe" es 8 -_ ultraviolet ‘= __ eck en, ee Ps, _ | Securiy marking , detecting bake, hank Nokes . sterilising no ker “- yaus : ~ ——___— — ae ————~ medical — Scamnmin 4 > eecuri hy SCANNECS 9 TMI POSES Je. wiittins _ slerilising God, & ine Nene Equipment » detechon oe Cancer od its tre at pnt _ _ Scanned with CamScanner ft Harmful effects * miCVD peas 7 internal heaking oF bedu cell infcned + skin bucn yllraviole tty damage 6 surface cells Me e+ , Leadin g ko Skin : CavCe ONO E42 on dibhons meneinansiaiaiaais H-vay$ & QQaMimMa ra Chae mutaho Ov damage ky cells in bre ous Ba —EEEE ooo ——$$ ——— EE — — = — — $$ —_—__—_— , scewnseicnlions, made main ty by yi Crowe en -| Some abelite phore LS worbik ar hac sate lly tes hile others USt geostalionary satellil-e, (& a cline ck eck broad _ a \-elli V ae a a — $$$ —————— ——-— ———$ _—$—$$$ Elechromamne Fic mabe taiea tS ee ee ee RE TY s|many importan t COMMU nicak on sys 5 nel on thi o|\ phove weless inkernet t- __ Pol VS: microwave because MiCIG wave S$ CAaW pevelrale Soret Kalls and only requis A Shock aerial ba. Lransmission/recephon, lbluetnoth:- USt Tadioweves becavse Yadio waves can Pass Raatas gh __ — — — ———— — — —— walls buk Ge Sign is __s_._ot_doiny Se —— —_jopheal Fbress- eT __|uses visible kintrared fone calle Tv & “Wiel Spe eet a Ss broadband because glass is trans parent bo and Lenght inGrofed can cacry high rales oF dab a Some inFracre ck (ig hy kk visible light ack Shor & Wwowe -_ — —_—_—_———— — ——_, — __ Scanned with CamScanner