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Physical Science: Tables & Formulas
SI Base Units
Base Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol Amount of substance mole Mol Electric current ampere A Length meter M Luminous intensity candela Cd Mass kilogram Kg Time second S Temperature Kelvin K
SI Derived Units
Derived Quantity Name (Symbol) Expression in terms of other SI units^ Expression in terms of SI base units
Area Square meter (m^2 ) Volume Cubic meter (m^3 ) Speed/velocity Meter per second (m/s) Acceleration Meter per second squared (m/s^2 ) Frequency Hertz (Hz) s-^1 Force Newton (N) m.^ kg.^ s-^2 Pressure, stress Pascal (Pa) N.m^2 m-^1.^ kg.^ s-^2 Energy, work, quantity of heat Joule (J) N.^ m m^2.^ kg.^ s-^2 Power Watt (W) J/s m^2.^ kg.^ s-^3 Electric charge Coulomb (C) -- s.^ A Electric potential difference Volt (V) W/A m^2 ·kg·s-^3 ·A-^1 Electric resistance Ohm (Ω) V/A m^2 ·kg·s-^3 ·A-^2
Prefixes used to designate multiples of a base unit
Prefix Symbol Meaning Multiple of base unit Scientific Notation tera T trillion 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 1012 giga G billion 1, 000, 000, 000 109 mega M Million 1, 000, 000 106 kilo k Thousand 1, 000 103 centi c One hundredth 1/100 or .01 10 -^2 milli m One thousandth 1/1000 or .001 10 -^3 micro u One millionth 1/1000000 or .000001 10 -^6 Nano n One billionth 1/1000000000 or .000000001 10 -^9 pico p One trillionth 1/1000000000000 or.000000000001 10 -^12
In general, when converting from base units (m, l, g, etc) or derived units (m^2 ,m^3 , m/s, Hz, N, J, V, etc) to a multiple greater (kilo, mega, giga, or tera) than the base or derived unit- then divide by the factor. For example: 10m = 10/1000km = 1/100 km = .01km.
When converting from base units or derived units to a multiple smaller (centi, milli, micro, nano) than the base or derived unit- then multiply by the factor. For example: 10m = 10 x 100cm = 1000cm.
Subatomic Particles
Particle Charge Mass Location Proton +1 1 nucleus Neutron 0 1 nucleus Electron - 1 0 Outside the nucleus
Common Cations
Ion Name (symbol) Ion Charge Lithium (Li) 1+ Sodium (Na) 1+ Potassium (K) 1+ Rubidium (Rb) 1+ Cesium (Cs) 1+ Beryllium (Be) 2+ Magnesium (Mg) 2+ Calcium (Ca) 2+ Strontium (Sr) 2+ Barium (Ba) 2+ Aluminum (Al) 3+
Common Anions
Element Name (symbol) Ion Name (symbol) Ion Charge Fluorine Fluoride 1 - Chlorine Chloride 1 - Bromine Bromide 1 - Iodine Iodide 1 - Oxygen Oxide 2 - Sulfur Sulfide 2 - Nitrogen Nitride 3 -
Common Polyatomic Ions
Ion Name Ion Formula Ion Name Ion Formula Carbonate CO 32 -^ Nitrite NO 2 - Chlorate ClO 3 -^ Phosphate PO 43 - Cyanide CN-^ Phosphite PO 33 - Hydroxide OH-^ Sulfate SO 42 - Nitrate NO 3 -^ Sulfite SO 32 -
pH scale
Strong acids more acidic weak acids Neutral Weak bases More basic strong bases 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Types of Nuclear Radiation
Radiation Type Symbol Charge Nuclear Equation Alpha particle 2 4 He +2 89 225 Ac^ ^87 221 Fr +^2 4 He Beta particle (^) - 1 0 e - 1 614 C^ ^7 14 N +^ -^1 0 e Gamma γ 0 n/a
Equations
Density = mass ÷ volume (D = m/v) Units: g/cm^3 or g/mL
Rearranged : mass = Density x Volume Units: grams or Volume = mass ÷ density Units: cm^3 or mL
Moles = mass (grams) x Molar Mass (grams / mol) Molar Mass = atomic mass in grams
Energy = mass x (speed of light)^2 E = mc^2 Units: joules
Speed = distance ÷ time v = d ÷ t Units: meters / second
Rearranged : distance = speed x time Units: meters time = distance ÷ speed Units: seconds
Momentum = mass x velocity p = m x v Units: kg.^ m/s
Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) ÷ time a = Δv ÷ t Units: meters / (second)^2
Rearranged : Δv = acceleration x time Units: meters/second time = Δv ÷ a Units: seconds
Force = mass x acceleration F = m x a Units: kg.^ m/s^2 or Newtons (N)
Rearranged: mass = Force ÷ acceleration Units: g or kg acceleration = Force ÷ mass Units: meters / (second)^2
Weight = mass x gravity (9.8 m/s^2 ) Units: kg.^ m/s^2 or Newtons (N)
Work = Force x distance W = F x d Units: Joules (J)
Rearranged : Force = Work ÷ distance Units: Newtons distance = Work ÷ Force Units: meters
Power = Work ÷ time P = W ÷ t Units: J/s or Watts (W)
Rearranged: Work = Power x time Units: Joules (J) time = Work ÷ Power Units: seconds (s)
Mechanical Advantage = Output Force ÷ Input Force (Resistance Force ÷ Effort Force)
or
Mechanical Advantage = Input Distance ÷ Output Distance (Effort Distance ÷ Resistance Distance)
Gravitational Potential Energy = mass x gravity (9.8 m/s^2 ) x height GPE = m x g x h Units: Joules
Rearranged : m = GPE ÷ (g.^ h) h = GPE ÷ (m.^ g)
Kinetic Energy = ½ mass x (velocity)^2 KE = .5 mv^2 Units: Joules
Rearranged : m = 2KE ÷ v^2 v =
Efficiency of a Machine = (Useful Work Output ÷ Work Input) x 100
Temperature Conversions
Celsius-Fahrenheit Conversion :
Fahrenheit temperature = (1.8 x Celsius temperature) + 32.0^0 F = 1.8 (C) + 32^0
Celsius temperature = (Fahrenheit temperature – 32) ÷ 1.8 C = (F – 32) ÷ 1.
Celsius-Kelvin Conversion :
Kelvin = Celsius + 273 Celsius = Kelvin -
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Relates the energy, frequency and wavelength of various types of electromagnetic waves (radio, TV, micro, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma). As energy and frequency increase the wavelength decreases.
Global Positioning System: 1,227 and 1,575 megahertz Deep space radio communications: 2290 megahertz to 2300 megahertz
