Physics Worksheet on Standard Model | Study notes Particle Physics

Physics Worksheet Standard Model Section: Name:

Mr. Lin

1 The Fundamental Forces

a. Four Fundamental Forces: There are four

fundamental forces in nature. Arrange them

from the strongest to the weakest.

(1) _________________________________

(2) _________________________________

(3) _________________________________

(4) _________________________________

b. Among the four fundamental forces:

Long-range forces: ____________________

Short-range forces: ____________________

c. ______________________________ holds

the nucleon (protons and neutrons) together.

d. ________________________ is responsible

for the decay of some nuclear particles.

e. In modern physics, particles are force

carriers, because forces are brought about as

a result of an

___________________________________.

2 Classification of Matter

a. Particles are classified according to the

___________________________________.

they have with other particles.

b. If the force carrier particles (such as gluons,

gravitons, etc.) are excluded, all particles

can be classified into two groups –

________________ and _______________.

c. Hadron –

___________________________________.

d. The hadrons can be subdivided into

________________ and ________________

according to their ____________________.

The baryon number is defined as:

____________________________

where

€

is the number of ____________

€

is the number of ____________

Both of them are composed of more

fundamental particles called ____________.

e. Baryons – a baryons is an elementary

particle that can be transformed into a

_________________ or ________________

and some number of mesons and lighter

particles.

A baryon is made of __________________.

f. Mesons – a meson is a particle of

intermediate mass. A meson is made of

________________ and _______________.

g. Lepton – a particle that interacts through

gravitational, weak, and electromagnetic

forces, but not the ____________________

is called a lepton. A lepton is much lighter

than a proton. Examples of leptons are

(1) _________________________________

(2) _________________________________

(3) _________________________________

h. Positrons – A particle whose ____________

is the same as electron’s, and whose

________________ is equal in magnitude

but opposite in sign to the electron’s.

i. Neutrino – a neutrino is a ______________

particle that has little mass but does possess

both energy and momentum.

3 The Antiparticle

all four forces

protons,

neutrons

except strong force

electrons,

positions,

neutrinos

no. of quark =

no. of antiquark (B = 0)

no. of quark –

no. of antiquark = 3

(B =1)

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1 The Fundamental Forces a. Four Fundamental Forces: There are four fundamental forces in nature. Arrange them from the strongest to the weakest. (1) ___________________________________ (2) ___________________________________ (3) ___________________________________ (4) ___________________________________ b. Among the four fundamental forces: Long-range forces: ____________________ Short-range forces: ____________________ c. ______________________________ holds the nucleon (protons and neutrons) together. d. ________________________ is responsible for the decay of some nuclear particles. e. In modern physics, particles are force carriers, because forces are brought about as a result of an _____________________________________. 2 Classification of Matter a. Particles are classified according to the ___________________________________. they have with other particles. b. If the force carrier particles (such as gluons, gravitons, etc.) are excluded, all particles can be classified into two groups – ________________ and _______________. c. Hadron – _____________________________________. d. The hadrons can be subdivided into ________________ and ________________ according to their ______________________. The baryon number is defined as:

where € Nq^ is the number of^ ____________ € Nq^ is the number of^ ____________ Both of them are composed of more fundamental particles called ______________. e. Baryons – a baryons is an elementary particle that can be transformed into a _________________ or ________________ and some number of mesons and lighter particles. A baryon is made of __________________. f. Mesons – a meson is a particle of intermediate mass. A meson is made of ________________ and _______________. g. Lepton – a particle that interacts through gravitational, weak, and electromagnetic forces, but not the ____________________ is called a lepton. A lepton is much lighter than a proton. Examples of leptons are (1) ___________________________________ (2) ___________________________________ (3) ___________________________________ h. Positrons – A particle whose ____________ is the same as electron’s, and whose ________________ is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the electron’s. i. Neutrino – a neutrino is a ______________ particle that has little mass but does possess both energy and momentum. 3 The Antiparticle all four forces protons, neutrons except strong force electrons, positions, neutrinos no. of quark = no. of antiquark (B = 0) no. of quark – no. of antiquark = 3 (B =1)

a. Antiparticle: an antiparticle is associated with each particle. An antiparticle is a particle having ____________ , _____________ , and ____________ identical to the associated particle, but with _____________ of opposite sign (if charged) and ____________________ reversed in sign. b. Antiparticle examples: The antiparticle of i) proton ( p ) is called ________________. ii) electron ( e ) is called _______________. iii) neutron ( n ) is called _______________. iv) neutrino ( ve / v μ / v τ ) is called _______________________________. c. Antimatter: The antimatter is a material consisting of atoms that are composed of ____________________________________._ d. Annihilation: is the "total destruction" of an object. The word is used to denote the process that occurs when a subatomic ________________________ collides with its associated ____________________________. When a low-energy electron annihilates a low-energy positron ( anti-electron ), they can only produce two or more gamma ray photons. However, high-energy particle colliders produce annihilations where a wide variety of exotic heavy particles are created. 4 The Quark a. Baryons and mesons both are composed of more fundamental particles called quarks. Quarks have charges of

±^13 e and

±^23 e ,

from which many of the elementary particles may be built up. A quark can have charge b. The quarks are named up , down , charm , strange , top and bottom. Every baryon is consisting of three quarks and every meson is consisting of a quark and an antiquark. An antiquark has electric charge , baryon number , and strangeness opposite in sign to that of the corresponding quark. c. The proton is made of three quarks : uud ( up , up , down ) and neutron is made of three quarks : udd ( up , down , down ). When quarks combine to form baryons , their charges add algebraically to a total of 0 , +1 , or - 1.

Answer Keys: No. Answer Explanation a (1) css An electrically neutral particle will be unaffect has the total charge equals to 0. (+2/3e) + (-1/3e) + (ed by an electric field. Only cs-1/3e) = 0 s b (3) strong force The strong nuclear force is the force to hold protons and neutrons together. c (2) 12 Both protons and neutrons are baryons. Each baryon consists of 3 quarks. Total number of quarks is (2 + 2) × 3 = 12 d (1) +5.33 × 10 –^20 C The charge of strange quark is^ - 1/3e, so, the charge for antistrange quark is +1/3e = (1/3) ×1.6× 10 -^19 C = 5.33× 10 -^20 C. e (3) +1.07 × 10 –^19 C The charge of top quark is +2/3e, so, the charge for top quark is +2/3e = (2/3) ×1.6× 10 -^19 C = 1.07× 10 -^19 C. f (4) 21 quarks and 3 leptons Both protons and neutrons are baryons. Each baryon consists of 3 quarks. So, Total number of quarks is (3 + 4) × 3 = 21. Since electrons are leptons, the total number of leptons is 3. g (2) Matter is converted into energy and then energy is converted into matter. An electron and a positron collided and annihilated to become energy, then the energy further converted to mass. h ( (0e)-1e)^ →^ (-1e) + (0e) + It obeys the Law of Conservation of Charge. i 3.01 × 10 –^10 J E = mc 2 , E = 2 × (1.67 × 10 –^27 kg)(3.00 × 10 8 m/s) 2 = 3.01 × 10 –^10 J

Physics Worksheet on Standard Model, Study notes of Particle Physics

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±^13 e and

±^23 e ,