Download Physiology 168 midterm exam and more Exams Introduction to Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
EXEM
1) The degree to which a genetic characteristic is manifested by individuals carrying a specific gene is called
a) Concordance
b) Discordance
c) Penetrance
d) Genetic linkage
2) If a biological or psychological symptom is specific for a disorder, it is said to be
a) Inherited
b) Iatrogenic
c) Idiographic
d) Pathognomonic
3) Prevalence is to as incidence is to.
a) Uncovered; hidden
b) Many; few
c) Rare; common
d) Total number; new cases
4) Less than 50% of people who are mentally ill seek help. According to lecture, a major obstacle is:
a) Ability of the individual
b) Stigma
c) Previous experiences
d) Finances
5) A school psychologist wanted to know the # of students diagnosed w/ ADHD. If she were interested in learning how many new
cases of ADHD had been diagnosed w/in the last year, she is looking for:
a) Variable rates
b) Incidence rates
EXEM
c) Prevalence rates
EXEM
d) A therapeutic method using verbal expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts
10) Alma has recurrent terrifying episodes that last 20 minutes. Her heart beats so fast she thinks she’s having a heart attack, she
sweats profusely, and she feels a sense of doom. For more than a month she has feared having another episode. An appropriate diagnosis is
a) Panic disorder
b) PTSD
c) Agoraphobia
d) Generalized anxiety disorder
11) John describes himself as feeling tense, nervous, and on edge. He is restless & has problems sleeping. He often experiences
headaches & muscle tension. He says that he seems to worry about everything, including finances, whether his family is eating a proper diet, his job performance, and whether people like him. What diagnosis would John most likely be given?
a) Panic disorder
b) Agoraphobia
c) Generalized anxiety disorder
d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
12) In lecture, Eisenberg’s (1977) model of disease & illness was presented. Eisenberg has made a distinction between illness &
disease. Based on his definition of these terms, cultural factors have influence on.
a) More; disease
b) Equal; both illness & disease
c) More; illness
d) Little; on either illness or disease
13) The development & use of only those psychological & medical interventions that have some scientific basis or evidence that
they’re effective in treating a particular disorder is referred to as:
a) Randomized clinical trials
b) Randomized controlled trials
c) Empirically-based trials
d) Evidence-based practices
EXEM
14) In the general adaptation syndrome, the body automatically response to threats
a) By depressing the sympathetic nervous system
b) Physically, but not psychologically
c) In a way that is entirely dependent on the personality of the individual
d) In 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
15) The model of stress emphasized the # of stressors one experiences; the model of stress focuses on
how we think & cope w/ stressors.
a) General adaptation; transaction
b) Transaction; life change
c) Life change; transaction
d) Transaction; general adaptation
16) Which statement accurately describes the relationship between stress & health?
a) Stress reactions increase vulnerability to disease because the immune system is strengthened
b) Stress reactions directly cause infections in the body
c) Stress reactions occur after the immune system’s strength has been decreased by other factors
d) Stress rxns decrease the immune system’s strength & thereby increase vulnerability to disease
17) An imbalance of certain in the brain is believed to be implicated in mental disorders.
a) Neurons
b) Axons
c) Dendrites
d) Neurotransmitters
18) The “diathesis-stress” model holds that a particular abnormality occurs when an individual
a) Inherits the genes for a disease from @ least one parent
b) Has a predisposition to develop an illness which later does develop through environmental stressors
c) Adapts particularly well to stress, but doesn’t adapt well to a diathesis
EXEM
b) From an imbalance of neurotransmitters
c) Because parents pass on their disorders to their children
d) Because parents serve too permissive of a role
24) The seeks to teach patients to monitor their negative automatic thoughts, recognize their effect on patients’
behaviors, and substitute them w/ more rational thoughts.
a) Rational humanistic model
b) Behavioral model
c) Cognitive model
d) Psychodynamic model
25) At the completion of a diagnostic evaluation, Angel was told that she had two different disorders: major depression & alcohol
dependence. In this example, major depression & alcohol dependence disorders are said to be:
a) Collated
b) Compounded
c) Comorbid
d) Confounded
26) In the Rosenhan (1973) study, hospital staff looked @ normal writing by the pseudopatients as “excessive note-taking.” This
finding supports the view that classification can
a) Help professionals understand the causes of abnormal behavior
b) Cause people to interpret many activities of a labeled person as pathological even if the behaviors are
normal
c) Make “normal” people believe the label they’re given causes a change in their behavior
d) Blur the lines that divide normal from abnormal
27) What do the Halstead-Reitan and the Luria-Nebraska test have in common?
a) Both are culturally unbiased estimates of adult intelligence
b) Both test intelligence in young children between the ages of 4 & 5
c) Both are neurological medical testing procedures
d) Both test for cognitive impairment associated w/ brain damage
EXEM
28) According to the biological perspective, which of the following explains the etiology of somatoform disorders?
a) Somatic symptoms are seen as defense against the awareness of unconscious emotional issues
b) Somatic disorders are developed through reinforcement & modeling
c) Somatic patients appear to be more sensitive to bodily sensations that other people
d) Somatic patients, especially women, tend to have many cultural expectations put on them
29) Tracy is presenting w/ a culture-bound syndrome; specifically, she has a sense that she is being possessed by spirits. Tracy is
probably suffering from:
a) Zar
b) Nervios
c) Pibloktoq
d) Exorcism
30) Jack seems to be suffering from dissociative identity disorder. He thinks he has at least 2 other personalities, named Jill & John.
If this is true, which of the following is likely true?
a) Jill & John always appear together @ the same time, and this causes an internal struggle for Jack
b) Jill appears usually in the morning, John mid-day, and Jack the rest of the time
c) Jack doesn’t like the fact that Jill eats a huge breakfast every morning & then sings an after-breakfast song
d) Jack, John, and Jill all seem to have similar personalities and get along quite well
31) What type of dissociative disorder is correctly paired w/ its chief characteristic?
a) Generalized amnesia – partial loss of memory for a short period of time
b) Localized amnesia – loss of all memory for a short period of time
c) Systematized amnesia – inability to recall events between a specific time in the past & the present
d) Selective amnesia – memory loss associated w/ fleeing a stressful event & developing a new identity
32) What is the major difference between operant conditioning & classical conditioning?
a) Operant is linked to voluntary behaviors, while classical in linked to involuntary behaviors
b) Operant is linked to involuntary behaviors, while classical is linked to voluntary behaviors
c) In classical, behaviors are controlled by consequences that follow behavior rather than precede
EXEM
a) Personality disorders; axis II
b) Personality disorders; axis I
c) General medical conditions; axis IV
d) Psychosocial stressors; axis III
38) Which of the following is an example of a chronic stressor?
a) An earthquake
b) A divorce
c) Financial stress
d) A family member’s death
39) Which of the following statements best characterizes Allison, who has borderline personality disorder?
a) She self-dramatizes, seeks a lot of attention, and has exaggerated emotions
b) She has extreme fluctuations in mood, including angry outbursts
c) She fails to conform to social & legal codes, and lacks any sort of guilt or anxiety
d) She has oddities in her thinking, and a loss of contact with reality
40) People are often initially attracted to Damon because he is flirtatious and outgoing. Rarely however, does he develop any long-
term relationships because he is seen a shallow & self-centered. What personality disorder would Damon likely be diagnosed with?
a) Narcissistic
b) Histrionic
c) Schizoid
d) Antisocial
41) According to lecture and text, a primary feature of sociopaths is their inability to learn from past experience especially in
situations involving avoidance learning. Research has shown that this learning deficit may occur because sociopaths:
a) Tend to be of less than avg intelligence
b) Tend to not understand the learning task
c) Tend to avoid sensation seeking
EXEM
d) Tend to be under aroused
42) According to the psychodynamic perspective, the psychopath’s absence of guilt & violation of moral & ethical standards are the
result of
a) Fault id development
b) Faulty ego development
c) Faulty superego development
d) Faulty cognitions
43) A 70 year old man is exhibiting signs of brain damage. Which of the following tests might be used to test for damage?
a) Kaufman Assessment Battery
b) MMPI-
c) CAT scan
d) Krapelin’s system
44) When various parts of test measures yield similar results, this type of reliability is referred to as:
a) Test-retest reliability
b) Interrater reliability
c) Internal consistency
d) Part reliability
45) A persistent & unwanted fear of being contaminated by dirt and germs illustrates and is often associated w/ the
of handwashing.
a) A phobia; compulsion
b) An obsession; compulsion
c) A compulsion; phobia
46) In the psychodynamic explanation for generalized anxiety disorder, it is assumed that
a) Anxiety has been associated w/ a specific stimulus in the environment
b) The conflict between the id impulses and the go is displaced onto a specific external stimulus
c) The source of the anxiety is usually known to the person suffering from the disorder
EXEM
51) Dr. Frank is doing research on cancer. Rats are injected w/ cancer cells 7 then given either no electric shocks or shocks in 2
conditions; having control over stopping the shocks or having no control. What results should Dr. Frank expect?
a) The sickest group should be those getting shocks
b) The sickest group should be the “control shock” condition
c) The sickest group should be the “no shock” control the sickest group should be the “no control shock” condition
d) None of the above
52) All of the following individuals have the same type of cancer & are currently @ the same state of health, receiving the same type
of treatment, at the same facility. Who is most likely to live longest?
a) Abby, who has a high self-efficacy & is unrealistically optimistic
b) Bernie, who has high self-efficacy and a realistic acceptance of his condition
c) Carl, who has low self-efficacy, but is optimistic
d) Dough, who has low self-efficacy & is pessimistic about this outcome
53) Barbara was told by her psychiatrist that she is being treated w/ the “medication of choice” for her generalized anxiety disorder.
She isn’t sure what drug she’s taking, but knows it works. It is a good bet that the drug is an
a) Antipsychotic
b) Benzodiazepine
c) Antidepressant
d) Amphetamine
54) Larry is so afraid of being alone in public places that he cannot bring himself to leave his house. The mere thought of leaving
produces overwhelming panic. Larry probably suffers from:
a) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
b) Generalized anxiety disorder
c) Social phobia
d) Agoraphobia
55) Tina is fearful of dogs. She has never had a bad experience w/ dogs, but her father was injured by a dog when he was a young
boy. Tina’s father goes to great lengths to avoid contact w/ dogs. What behavioral theory best explains Tina’s fear of dogs?
a) Classical conditioning
b) Avoidance response
EXEM
c) Operant conditioning
d) Modeling
56) Which statement about the development of dissociative identity disorder is accurate?
a) Child abuse is frequently reported as the trigger for the disorder
b) The start of the disorder is usually unrelated to family stresses
c) The disorder usually cannot be detected until middle age
d) Males are more likely to develop the disorder than females
57) In the movie Ferris Bueler’s Day Off, Ferris deliberately induces his own headaches & stomach pains so he could avoid going to
school. Aside from his irresponsibility, Ferris would best be diagnosed as having
a) Factitious disorder
b) Impulsive control disorder
c) Malingering
d) Hypochondriasis
58) Hardiness is a personality style that is characterized by which of the following?
a) Commitment
b) Compulsion
c) Consideration
d) Carefree
59) Fear of if one of the most common specific phobias.
a) The dark
b) Blood
c) Flying
d) Fainting
60) Ollendick & King (1991) found that accounted for childhood fears more than.
a) Direct conditioning experiences; modeling
EXEM
d) They didn’t operationally define what the experiment group was
65) Results of the Sanders & Giolas (1991) study showed a significant positive correlation between scores on the Dissociative
Experiences Scale & a questionnaire on child abuse. The authors concluded that it supports “ the view that dissociation represents a reaction to early negative experience.” What is one problem w/ this conclusion?
a) It suggests that the dissociative experiences scale is valid
b) It assumes there is a negative correlation when there was a positive one
c) It suggests that child abuse is the same as dissociation
d) It assumes there is a cause-and-effect relationship
66) What is the primary drawback to using analogue studies?
a) They require larger samples than other types of experimental studies
b) Although such research offers high levels of control, external validity suffers
c) Although the external validity of such research is strong, internal validity is usually weak
d) It’s difficult to gain the statistical significance needed for such studies to provide meaningful results
67) Experiments w/ large groups of subjects reflect the , whereas single-subject studies reflect the.
a) Idiographic orientation; longitudinal orientation
b) Scientific method; armchair approach
c) Cross-cultural approach; nomothetic orientation
d) Nomothetic orientation; idiographic orientation
68) Kira is involved in a research study consisting of 4 phases. Her behavior is monitored under baseline conditions and then again
after her mother gives her rewards for specific behaviors. In the 3rd^ stage, she goes back to baseline, and in the 4th, her mother again rewards her. What kind of research is this?
a) Single-participant experiment
b) Longitudinal
c) Case study
d) A field study
69) Etiology is to as prognosis is to.
a) Objective; subjective
EXEM
b) Future behavior; past behavior
c) Cause; future course
d) Assessment; classification
70) Strupp & Hadley (1977) proposed a 3-part means of judging mental health. The 3 vantage points they suggested using are:
a) The individual, the family, and the mental health professional
b) Society, the mental health professional, and biological dysfunctions
c) The individual, the family, and biological dysfunctions
d) The individual, the society, and the mental health professional
71) Dr. Henry conducted an epidemiological study to assess the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia in the US. Dr. Henry was
assessing
a) The % of people in the US who suffer from schizophrenia
b) The # of ppl in the US who have had schizophrenia w/in a certain period of time
c) The total proportion of people in the US who have ever suffered from schizophrenia
d) The age of onset for people in the US who have schizophrenia
72) Which of the following mental disorders is the most common in the US?
a) Schizophrenia
b) Phobia
c) Obsessive compulsive disorder
d) Panic disorder
73) The findings from Research Study X showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the # of hours spent
studying & grades earned on the PSC 168 midterm. What does this mean?
a) If you study for more hours, you are more likely to get a higher grade on the midterm
b) If you study for more hours, you’re less likely to get a higher grade on the midterm
c) The relationship between studying for more hours & getting a higher grade on the midterm is likely only to occur by chance
d) There is no relationship between studying for more hours & getting a higher grade on the midterm
EXEM
d) Cathartic method – moral treatment era
79) One explanation for differences in rates of mental disorder among ethnic and racial groups is
a) Cultural universality
b) Social conditioning
c) Absences of bias in diagnosis
d) Some groups aren’t susceptible to psychological distress
80) A psychologist determines abnormality on the basis of how the behavior is seen by society, the individual performing it, and the
psychologist herself. The psychologist is using a definition of abnormality that is
a) Psychogenic
b) Based on cultural universality
c) Integrated
d) Based on statistical rarity
81) In Albert Ellis’ ABC model of personality, negative emotions are the result of
a) Irrational beliefs about events that occur in our lives
b) Modeling inappropriate behaviors
c) Pairing certain conditioned stimuli w/ negative unconditioned responses
d) Faulty communications in which verbal messages contradict nonverbal messages
82) What is the current drug of choice for the treatment of anxiety disorders?
a) Benzodiazepines
b) Tricyclic anti-depressants
c) Monoamine oxidinase
d) SSRIs
83) According to the operant conditioning model, negative reinforcement refers to the of a stimulus resulting in a(n)
in the behaviors frequency.
a) Application; decrease
b) Application; increase
EXEM
c) Removal; decrease
d) Removal; increase
