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3 domains of Child Development - Correct Answers ✅Cognitive development, Social development, and Physical development Jean Piaget - Correct Answers ✅Swiss Psychologist.
- Observed behavior patterns in children.
- his contributions help educators understand how children think, fell and respond to the world.
- his theory proposes that cognitive development begins with a child's innate ability to adapt to the environment, and that development is a result of the child's interface with the physical world, social experiences, and physcial maturation.
- Children actively move through new life experiences and form new ways to modify and adapt to the world. The child's mind seeks to find a state of equilibrium while moving through each state of operation. Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development - Correct Answers ✅1. sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs), 2. preoperational (2-7), 3. concrete operations (7-11), and formal operations (12-18) Cognitive Development - Correct Answers ✅Transformations in a child's thought, language, and intelligence
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Conservation - Correct Answers ✅it's a conceptual tool that allows a child to recognize that when altering the appearance of an object, the basic properties do not change. example: a short fat glass and a tall skinny glass, a child will identify the taller glass as having more, even though both have the same amount.
- Piaget used this concept referring to numbers, weight, volume and matter. -A young child fails to master this task because the way things look influences how the child thinks -Based on Einstein's famous formula, E = mc², which states that mass and energy can be transformed from one to the other, but their total amount is fixed (conserved) so that it neither increases nor decreases Adaptation - Correct Answers ✅essintial to Piaget's fundamental stages of development. Children adjust to new information about their environment in order to function more effectively. This process is done by two Fundamental concepts: -Assimilation -Accommodation Assimilation - Correct Answers ✅-Refers to the way children incorporate new information with existing schemes in order to form a new cognitive structure
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- All learning consists of assimilation and accommodation Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Correct Answers ✅Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy -Age: birth-2 years -Characteristics: Infant's physical response to immediate surroundings Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood -Age: 2-7 years -Characteristics: Egocentric—Focus on symbolic thought and imagination Stage 3 - Concrete Operations Period: Middle Childhood -Age: 7-11 years -Characteristics: Mastery of conservation—Child begins to think logically Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence -Age: 12 years-adult -Characteristics: Thinking based on abstract principles
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Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy (birth-2 years) - Correct Answers ✅-Behavior is based upon the infant's physical responses to immediate surroundings -Infants mentally organize and perceive their world through their sensory systems (i.e., what they touch, see, feel, hear, smell, etc.) -It is almost by mishap that the infant discovers that his physical reflexes have an impact on the world around him as the infant moves from reflexive actions to representational (symbolic) thought -This transition follows a series of increasingly progressive skills -During this period, infants are at the center of their universe (egocentrism) *** Think about how infants use their sense to become familiar to the new world. Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood (2-7 years) - Correct Answers ✅-Development of symbolic thought and imagination is boundless -In striving to understand their world, around age 5, children begin to ask a multitude of "why" questions -Children can reason intuitively, and representational thought has emerged -Children continue to make errors in spoken language
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Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence (12 years- adult) - Correct Answers ✅-Mental transformations experienced during adolescence are logical and continue to progress beyond the skills developed during childhood -Adolescent has the ability to reason abstractly and solve complex problems, thus expanding possibilities for understanding the world -Adolescents now have the ability to perform hypothetical- deductive reasoning and can integrate what they have learned in the past to consider the many future possibilities Educational implications of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Correct Answers ✅1. Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides an alternative to behavior theorists' belief that children are merely passive learners. Children actively move through operational stages.
- Piaget quantified the conceptual-learning process, suggesting that there are predictable and orderly developmental accomplishments. Children can be tested at each stage to verify their level of cognitive understanding.
- Piaget suggested that a child's mind seeks a state of equilibrium. At each stage, children form a new way to operate and adapt to the world.
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- By understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development, teachers can avoid presenting material in the classroom that is beyond the child's cognitive ability. Animism - Correct Answers ✅-Refers to children believing that non-living objects have lifelike qualities -It can be demonstrated in imaginary friends, etc. (preoperational, ages 2-4) Example: When it begins to rain, a child might exclaim, "The sky is pouring water on me." Casual Reasoning/Casuality - Correct Answers ✅-During preschool, children cannot yet think logically about cause and effect -Children believe that their thoughts can cause actions, whether or not the experiences have a casual relationship -Children reason by transductive reasoning (preoperational) Example: A child is unkind toward her baby cousin, and shortly thereafter, the baby is accidentally hurt. The child believes that somehow she caused the accident for having "bad thoughts" about the baby. Casual reasoning changes over time - Correct Answers ✅Level 1 (age 3): Reality is defined by appearance
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Equilibrium - Correct Answers ✅-Development is motivated by the search for a stable balance toward effective adaptations -This balanced state is called equilibrium and has three phases: ---1. Children begin in a state of balance ---2. Thought changes and conflict emerges ---3. Through the process of assimilation and accommodation, a more sophisticated mode of thought surfaces Irreversibility - Correct Answers ✅-Children make errors in their thinking because they cannot understand that an operation moves in more than one direction -They cannot understand that the original state can be recovered (preoperational) Example: If Emma plays with a ball of clay, she believes that they clay must always be in this same form to remain the same amount. When a classmate plays with the clay and gives it back as a long, narrow piece, Emma thinks she's getting back less. -The opposite of irreversibility is reversibility, which is the ability of children to mentally return to a situation or operation just like it was in the beginning
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Metacognition - Correct Answers ✅-A child's awareness of knowing about one's own knowledge -Metacognition helps children plan their own problem-solving strategies (concrete operations) -Thinking about thinking -Metamemory = knowing about memory Object Permanence - Correct Answers ✅-Recognition that objects and events continue to exist even when they are not visible Example: In the absence of object permanence, an infant will not search for the object when the object is hidden—"out of sight, out of mind" -Piaget believed this ability could not be mastered until about 8 months old, but more recent studies have shown that infants as young as three months old appeared to know that objects did not disappear when out of sight Types of Reasoning - Correct Answers ✅-Hypothetical- Deductive Reasoning -Inductive Reasoning -Transductive Reasoning
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-A child believes his thoughts will cause something to happen (see also Casual Reasoning) Example: Bill was mean to his little sister. His sister got sick. Bill reasoned that he made his sister sick. Schemes/Schemas - Correct Answers ✅-Schemes are the way children mentally represent and organize the world -Children form mental representations of perceptions, ideas, or actions to help them understand experiences -Schemes can be very specific, or they can be elaborate Example: While sitting in a highchair, an infant repeatedly drops a plastic cup onto the floor while thinking, "If I drop my cup, someone will pick it up." This action helps the infant understand that this schema has a cause-and-effect relationship. Seriation - Correct Answers ✅A child's ability to arrange objects in logical progression (concrete operations) Example: A child arranges sticks in order from smallest to largest Symbolic Function Substage - Correct Answers ✅The child uses words and images (symbols) to form mental
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representations to remember objects without the objects being physically present Example: A child's dog is lost, so the child scribbles a picture of the dog; or the child pretends that a stuffed animal is the missing dog Transitive Interference - Correct Answers ✅-The ability to draw conclusions about a relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship to a third object (concrete operations) -If A = B and B = C, then A and C are equal Example: If you know that Danielle is taller than Ghazaleh, and Ghazaleh is taller than Maria, then Danielle must be taller than Maria Morality - Correct Answers ✅An internalized set of subjective rules influencing the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of an individual in deciding what is right and what is wrong Piaget and Moral Development - Correct Answers ✅- Believed morality is coupled with cognitive development in two different stages, morality of constraint (heteronomous) and morality of cooperation (autonomous) -Morality of constraint: Age 4-
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Level I: Preconventional (4-10 years) - Correct Answers ✅- Children obey because adults tell them to obey -Children judge morality strictly on the basis of consequences (fear of being punished for bad actions, or expecting to be rewarded for good actions) Level II: Conventional (10-13 years) - Correct Answers ✅- Children are most concerned about the opinions of their peers -Children at this stage want to please and help others, while developing their own internal idea of what it means to be a good person Level III: Postconventional (13 years-adult) - Correct Answers ✅-Morality is judged in terms of abstract principles and not by existing rules that govern society -Moral and ethical choices rise above the laws of society, and individuals look within themselves for the answers rather than basing moral decisions on external sources of authority -Many people never enter into this level of moral development Educational implications of moral development - Correct Answers ✅1. Teachers must recognize that children internalize what is right and wrong based upon their basic values and sense of self
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- Teachers must recognize the sequential foundation upon which higher moral principles are based
- Teachers must recognize that children respond differently to various moral dilemmas depending upon age, education, and socioeconomic influences Language Development - Correct Answers ✅A communication system of words that are symbolic representations of objects, actions, and feelings Lev Vygotsky - Correct Answers ✅Language shapes thought -To acquire knowledge, thought is a fundamental necessity -It must be "thought about" before any new ideas can be formulated (e.g., a student who is learning English as a second language must be competent in his primary native language before he can "think" or understand new concepts in another language) -Initial emergence of language and thought are separate from each other, until about the age of 3 when a transition takes place in the child from the external to the internal -Children practice private speech (self-talk) to become more competent ---The use of private speech helps children to self-regulate through organizing, guiding, and controlling their behavior
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Language development milestones: Toddler (18-24 months) - Correct Answers ✅-First sentences (two words) are spoken -The toddler can understand grammatical relationships, but cannot yet express them -The toddler uses articles (the, a), prepositions (on, in), conjunctions (and, but) and the verb "to be" (am, are, is) -Word errors include underextending word meanings Language development milestones: Early childhood (3- years) - Correct Answers ✅-Learns about 8 to 9 words each day -The average vocabulary consists of 1,000 words -The child can talk about things not present, and uses plural and possessive forms of nouns (e.g. cats and cat's) -The child adds "-ing" to verbs, and knows that more than one adjective can apply to the same noun ("Rusty is black and fluffy") -The child also starts private speech Language development milestones: (5-7 years) - Correct Answers ✅-Asks many why questions ("How many stars are in the sky?") -The child can understand metaphor ("Don't be a quacking duck") and can use 4- to 5- word declarative sentences ("I am not sleepy"), interrogative sentences ("Why can't I go?") and imperative sentences ("Turn off the TV!")
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-The child uses conjunctions, prepositions, and articles regularly, and understands syntax -The child makes errors in over-regularizations of transitive or intransitive verbs ("She singed a song") -At age 6, the average vocabulary is 2,500 words, but the child speaks about 8,000 to 14,000 words -Speech is more adult-like Educational implications of language development - Correct Answers ✅1. Teachers must be aware that the process of language development is multifaceted, including physical sounds, cognitive thought, and social interactions
- Teachers should recognize that language cognitively, linguistically, and emotionally begins at home. Parents play an active role in teaching language to children. Adults teach language to children through infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and labeling
- Teachers should recognize that children will acquire the use of English even when their native language is the only language spoken at home
- Since the work of Vygotsky supports the notion that language is essential to the development of thinking, teachers should support appropriate private speech in order
