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POL 101 EXAM STUDY GUIDE AND
ESSAY QUESTIONS
KnowootheoodemocraciesoooutsideootheooUnitedooStatesoo(whatookindooofoodemocraticoos ystemoodoootheyoohave?)oo-ooans--- CountriesoolikeooCanada,ootheooUnitedooStatesooofooAmericaooandootheooUnitedooKingdo mooalloohaveoorepresentativeoodemocracies. Differentootypes: -Directoodemocracy -Representativeoodemocracy -Presidentialoodemocracy -Parliamentaryoodemocracy -Authoritarianoodemocracy -Participatoryoodemocracy -Islamicoodemocracy -Socialoodemocracy whichooamendmentoonooolongerooallowsootheoostateootooochooseootheoosenatorsoo-ooans-- 17thooamendment:DirectooElectionooofooU.S.ooSenators.ooAmericansoodidoonotoodirectlyoo voteooforoosenatorsooforootheoofirstoo 125 ooyearsooofootheooFederalooGovernment.ooTheooC onstitution,ooasooitoowasooadoptedooinoo1788,oostatedoothatoosenatorsoowouldoobeooelecte doobyoostateoolegislatures afterooWWII,oowhatooisootheooprimaryooUSooforeignoopolicyoo?ooCh.12oo-ooans--- presidentsoowereoopreoccupiedoowithoocontainingoocommunistooexpansionooaroundootheo oglobeoo(12-6a) -Triedooreduceootensionsoothroughoonegotiations
Firstooisoonationaloosecurity,ootheoodirectooprotectionooofootheooUnitedooStatesooandooitsooc itizensoofromooexternaloothreats. -Secondooisoofosteringooaoopeacefuloointernationalooenvironment,oo(NATO) -thirdooobjectiveooisootheooprotectionooofooU.S.ooeconomicoointerests. WhenooareootheoostateoojudgesooobligatedootooofollowootheooU.S.ooconstitution?oo-ooans-- wheneveroostateoolawooconflictsoowithooitoounderootheooConstitution'soosupremacyooclaus e
TheooexclusiveoopowerooforootheooSenateoo-ooans--- TheooSenateooisooempoweredootoooactooasooaoocourtootoootryooimpeachment,oowithootheoo chiefoojusticeooofootheooSupremeooCourtoopresiding. -approvingoopresidentialoonominations -treatyooapproval -Majorityooleaderooisoomostoopowerful TheoopowerooofootheooSupremeooCourtooJusticeooandootheoocasesootheyooreviewooperooye aroo-ooans---judicialooreviewootooodeclareoolawsooinvalidooifootheyooviolateooconstitution -aboutoo 80 ooeachooyear Knowootheoodifferentootypeooofoodemocracyoo(example:oomajoritarian,oodirect,ooelite,ooplur alist,ooetc.)oo-ooans--- Majoritarian:oodemocracyoobasedoouponoomajorityooruleooofooaoosociety'soocitizens;ooconv entional
Directoocitizensoogetootooovoteooforooaoopolicyoodirectly;oowithoutooanyoointermediateoorepr esentativesoooroohousesooofooparliament -Eliteoo:aoosmalloonumberooofoopeople,oousuallyoothoseoowhoooareoowealthyoooroowell- educated,ooinfluenceoopoliticaloodecisionoomaking
Pluralist:oonooosingleoogroupoodominatesoopoliticsooandooorganizedoogroupsoocompeteoow ithooeachoootherootoooinfluenceoopolicy -Participatory:oocitizensoocanooinfluenceoopolicyoodecisions,oobutoodooonotoomakeoothem.
RepresentativeooDemocracy:oopeopleoochooseootooovoteooforoowhooowilloorepresentoothe mooinooaooparliament
PresidentialooDemocracy:ootheoopresidentooofooaoostateoohasooaoosignificantooamountooofo opoweroooverootheoogovernment -Parliamentary:oogivesoomoreoopowerootoootheoolegislature
Islamic:seeksootoooapplyooIslamicoolawootooopublicoopolicies,oowhileoosimultaneouslyoomai ntainingooaoodemocraticooframework KnowootheoolargestoodepartmentooinootheooUSoogovernmentoo-ooans--- Largestooisoo:ooDepartmentooofooDefense
Otherootopoodepartmentsooare;ooDepartmentooofooVeteransooAffairs;ooDepartmentooofooH omelandooSecurity;ooDepartmentooofootheooJustice;ooDepartmentooofootheooTreasury -Smallestooisooeducation?.... WhatooareootheoorulesoothatooguideootheoooperationsooofooUSoogovernmentoo-ooans--..
UnderstandootheoointentionooofootheooFramersoothatoowantootheoogovernmentootooobeoostr ongoo-ooans---Wantedoobalanceooofoopowersooinoonationaloogovernmentooandoostateoo
wantedootoookeepoopoweroofromoobeingooconcentratedooinootheoohandsooofooaoofew,oobuto otheyoowereooalsoooconcernedoowithoocreatingooaooUnionoostrongooenoughootoooovercome ootheooweaknessesooofootheoogovernmentoothatoohadoooperatedoounderootheooArticlesooof ooConfederation Understandoohowootheooofficeooofoopresidentooworkoowithootheoointerestoogroupsoo(12- 5c)oo-ooans--- WhiteooHouseooalsoooworksoodirectlyoowithoointerestoogroupsooinooitsooeffortsootooobuildoos upportooforoolegislationoo
Presidentialooaidesoohopeookeyoolobbyistsoowillooactivateootheoomostooeffectiveoolobbyists ooofooalloo
lobbiesootendootooobeoograntedooaccessooonlyoowhenootheooWhiteooHouseooneedsoothemo otoooactivateoopublicooopinion Knowoohowootheoopresidentoocanoogetooimpeachedoo-ooans--- loweroohouseooofooaoolegislatureoobringsoochargesooagainstooaoocivilooofficerooofoogovern mentooforoocrimesooallegedootooohaveoobeenoocommitted,ooanalogousootoootheoobringingoo ofooanooindictmentoobyooaoograndoojury -startedoobyootheooHouseooofooRepresentatives -needsooaoosimpleoomajorityootooopass -trialoowilloothenoobeooheldooinootheooSenate -senatorsoowillooactoolikeooaoojuryootooodecideoowhetheroooroonotooaoopresidentooisooguilty
impeachmentoodoesoonotooautomaticallyoomeanoothatooaoopresidentoowilloobeooremovedoo fromootheoojob UnderstandoohowootheooU.S.oostateoojudgesooareooelectedoocomparedootooootheroocountri esoo-ooans--- TheoojudgesooforootheseoocourtsooareoonominatedoobyootheooPresidentooandooconfirmedoo byooCongressoo- justiceoodepartmentoohelpsoopresidentooscreenoocandidatesoobeforeootheooformaloonomin ationoo-Onceooinoooffice,ootheoojudgesoocanooremainooinootheiroopositionsooforoolife. KnowootheookeyoofactorsoothatooincreaseootheoosizeooofootheooCabinetoo-ooans--- governmentsoospending,oo -largeroodeficits,oo-revenues,oo -transfers,oo -governmentoowageooconsumptionoo -laborootaxooshare.
UnderstandootheoolegislatorsooinooCaliforniaoo(whatooisootheoobiggestooobstaclesootooobec omeooanooelectiveoooffice).oo-ooans-- legislatorsooworkooonoomakingoochangesootoooexistingoolawsoooroopassingoonewoolegislati onoobasedooonootheirooconstituents'ooneeds. Whatooisoogerrymanderingoo-ooans-- isooaoopracticeoointendedootoooestablishooaoopoliticalooadvantageooforooaooparticularooparty oooroogroupoobyoomanipulatingoodistrictooboundaries. UnderstandooCaliforniaooincomeootaxoopolicyoo-ooans-- idk:ooCaliforniaoohasooanooalternativeoominimumootaxoo(AMT)oowithooaoorateooofoo7%. California'soocorporateootaxoorateooisoo8.84%ooforoomostoocorporationsooandoo10.84%oofor oobanksooandoofinancialoocorporations. WhatooisootheoobiggestooobstaclesootooolegislateooinooCaliforniaoo-ooans--.. WhatooareootheooresponsibilityooofootheoosecretaryooofooStateooofooCaliforniaoo-ooans-- servingooasootheoostate'sooChiefooElectionsooOfficer.ooImplementingooelectronicoofilingooa ndooInternetoodisclosureooofoocampaignooandoolobbyistoofinancialooinformation.ooMaintaini ngoobusinessoofilings. UnderstandootheooimpactooofootheooAffordableooCareooActooinooCalifornia.oo-ooans-- calledooObamacare,ooisooaoohealthoocareooreformoomeantootooomakeoohealthooinsuranceoo accessibleooandooaffordableootoooall.ooItooprovidesooCaliforniansoowithoobetteroohealthoose curityoobyoosettingooupoomodificationsoothatooexpandoocoverageooandooloweroohealthoocar eoocosts.ooItooalsoooensuresoomoreoochoiceooandooenhancesootheooqualityooofoocareooforoo all. KnowoosomeooofootheooCaliforniaoopropositionsoo(example:oo8,oo9,oo10,oo58,oo78,oo75,oo 1 03,oo104,ooetc.)oo-ooans--... UnderstandootheoojudiciaryooinooCAoo-ooans--- judiciaryooisoooneooofootheoothreeooconstitutionaloobranchesooofootheoostateoogovernment;o o
underootheooleadershipooofootheooChiefooJusticeooofootheooSupremeooCourtooofooCalifornia ,ootheoocouncilooisooresponsibleooforoo"ensuringootheooconsistent,ooindependent,ooimpartia l,ooandooaccessibleooadministrationooofoojustice."ooItoowasoocreatedoobyooanooamendmento otoooarticleooVIooofootheooCaliforniaooConstitutionooinoo 1926 KnowootheoomajoroosourcesooofoowaterooforooCAoo-ooans--.. EssayooQuestionoo#1:ooDescribeoowhatootheooPendletonooActoo(1883)oowas,ooandoohowoo itoohelpedooreduceoopatronage.oo-ooans---
oself- interest.ooAdministrativeooruleoomakingoogivesooagenciesootheooflexibilityooasootheyootryoot ooofindooaoobalanceoobetweenooconflictingoopressures
