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Exam 7 Question 1: True/False: The kidneys are long, thin muscular tubes. True **False CAN ALSO ASK: True or False: The bladder drains into the ureters. True False Question 2: A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the T5 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not? No, the kidneys lie between the T-12 and L- Question 3: Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal capsule. The renal capsule is a tough fibrous outer skin of the kidney which protects it from injury and infection. Question 4: Name the layer and discuss the purpose of its extensions in the region highlighted in blue, below.
**Several extensions of the renal pelvis called calyces collect urine which drains continuously into the renal pelvis and subsequently into the ureter, which transports the urine to the bladder to be stored. CAN ALSO ASK: Name the layer and the parts of the nephrons located in the region highlighted in green, below.
****CAN ALSO ASK:** After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels. A. Efferent arteriole B. Lobar veins C. Interlobular veins D. Arcuate artery E. Interlobar vein F. Vasa recta Question 7: Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow. **PCT (Proximal convoluted tubule) CAN ALSO ASK: Name the region in the diagram below, indicated by the red arrow.
DCT (Distal convoluted tubule) Question 8: Which of the following is true about the location of the bladder? A. In males, the rectum is anterior to the bladder. B.In females, the vagina is behind the bladder. C. In females, the bladder sits above the uterus. D. In males, the bladder is below the prostate gland. E. B&C are true F. A&D are true ****CAN ALSO ASK:** Which of the following is false about the location of the bladder? A. In males, the bladder is anterior to the rectum. B. In females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus. C. In females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus. D. In males, the bladder is above the prostate gland. E. B&C are false F. A&D are false Question 9: Describe the purposes of the urethral sphincters. ● The involuntary-controlled internal urethral sphincter is located near the bladder and keeps the urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder.
Question 12: Describe the difference between the two types of nephrons.
**- Cortical nephrons are in the cortex region of the kidney, except for a portion of their loop of Henle which extends into the medulla.
- The remaining nephrons, called juxtamedullary nephrons, pass deeply into the medulla because of their location and their longer loops of Henle. CAN ALSO ASK: What causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries? The afferent arteriole, which is fed by the interlobular artery, is much larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole. The difference in diameter causes an extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. Question 13: Micturition can be controlled consciously because of: Voluntary control over the internal sphincter Involuntary control over the internal sphincter Voluntary control over the external sphincter Involuntary control over the external sphincter Voluntary control over the visceral reflex arc None of the above: micturition cannot be voluntarily controlled Question 14: This is the blood pressure driving fluid out of the capillaries: Colloid osmotic pressure Capsular pressure Net filtration pressure Glomerular filtration rate **Hydrostatic pressure CAN ALSO ASK: This is the pressure that depends upon a person's blood pressure from the heart and vessels: A. Colloid osmotic pressure
B. Capsular pressure C. Net filtration pressure
Question 17: Which of the following statements is true concerning the RAA system? It responds when blood pressure becomes too high. Angiotensinogen is a pre-enzyme produced by the adrenal glands. Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron. Renin causes dilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the liver. ****CAN ALSO ASK:** Which of the following statements is false concerning the RAA system? A. Aldosterone causes the retention of sodium ions. B. It responds when blood pressure becomes too high. C. Angiotensin II acts to cause vasoconstriction in blood vessels. D. Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron. E. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Question 18: The greatest amount of reabsorption occurs in the: Glomerular capsule DCT Descending loop Ascending loop **PCT CAN ALSO ASK: The greatest amount of occurs in the cells of the PCT. A. Reabsorption B. Excretion C. Secretion D. Countercurrent flow E. Osmolarity Question 19: True or False: Na+ can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb. True False
Question 20: Which of the following is false concerning ADH? It responds during excessive sweating conditions. When ADH is in circulation dilute urine is excreted. ADH acts by increasing channels in the collecting ducts. It inhibits urine output. ****CAN ALSO ASK:** Which of the following is true concerning ADH? A. It is produced by the adrenal glands. B. It is produced in response to increased water in the blood. C. It retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate. D. It is unable to respond during severe blood loss. Question 21: What is countercurrent flow? How does the nephron use this to maintain homeostasis? Countercurrent flow is the movement of fluids in opposite directions through adjacent channels. In the nephron, filtrate flows in one direction through the renal tubules while blood in the adjacent blood vessels flows in the opposite direction. Question 22: Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the filtrate. **Sodium is pumped out of the filtrate to be returned to the blood while potassium (K+) is excreted in urine. CAN ALSO ASK: Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and hydrogen in the filtrate. Sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the filtrate. Question 23: Describe the action of caffeine on the nephron.
Intracellul ar Interstitial
Plasma Synovial joints Question 27: Urine with a pH of 9.0 is: within normal range; acidic within normal range; alkaline outside normal range; acidic outside normal range; alkaline within normal range; neutral ****CAN ALSO ASK:** Urine with a pH of 5.0 is: A. within normal range; acidic B. within normal range; alkaline C. outside normal range; acidic D. outside normal range; alkaline E. within normal range; neutral Question 28: The bicarbonate buffer system: generally takes several days to respond. is the main buffer system of the urine. is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid. causes hypoventilation in the respiratory system. all the above are true of the bicarbonate buffer system ****CAN ALSO ASK:** The protein buffer system: A. generally takes several hours to respond. B. causes hyperventilation in the respiratory system. C. is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid. D. is the main buffer system of the intracellular fluid E. all the above are true of the protein buffer system Question 29: Hypoventilation is a part of what control mechanism? Explain what hypoventilation accomplishes.
A.Acidosis (<7.35) B.Metabolic (HCO 3
- <22) C.Yes (PCO 2 <35) D.Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination
