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this is the practical of master student's in psychology ignou
Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research
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During the 1960s, Albert Bandura conducted a series of experiments, known as the Bobo doll experiments. In 1961 to 1963 he studied about children‟s behavior, after watched human adult aggressive behavior towards the bobo doll. He conducted it bobo doll test on 72 children; 36 boys and 36 girls. (The age of 52 months). He divided them into two groups (Experimental and control group). Andhe found that the aggression levels were match by individually. He found boys aremore aggressive than the girls. There was different variation in experiments but most notable experiments measured by Bandura that was the children‟s behaviorafter seeing the model get rewarded and get punished, or experience no consequence for beating up the bolo doll. The experiment was an empirical approach to test Bandura‟s social learning theory. It shows that people can learn
positive outcome and the behavior is reinforced by positiveoutcomes. Sociology also has its take on social learning theory.
conditioning and social learning by criminologists Robert Burgessand Ronald Akers and they developed a comprehensive theory on how criminal behavior is learned.
are now basically the core concepts of modern sociallearning theory.
information about the observation and deciding on performing the behavior (modeling or observational learning).
model after the behavior was performed (vicarious reinforcement).
Lastly, a learner observes and copies the model that heor she sees the most similarity with or has the most emotional attachmentwith (identification) According to Bandura's social learning theory, learningoccurs through observations and interactions with other people. Basically, people learn by watching others and then imitating these actions.Social cognitive theory is the expanded form of Albert Bandura‟s social learning theory which states that learning can occur by observing a behavior and that the manifestation of that behavior in the learner is regulated by the triadic equal determinism between personal (cognitive) factors, the behavior itself, and by the environment (reinforcement).
environmental factors in the acquisition of new behavior and in itsproduction. In social learning theory, the cognitive factors are only acknowledged to play a role in the acquisition of new behavior but not much or none at all in its production.
theories. Their similarity is due in large part to the great contribution of Albert Bandura to these theories.
where he emphasized the role of cognitive factors in the process of social learning. He also added self-efficacy and conceptualized humans as active agents, capable of shaping their environment and of self-regulation.
Q2. Applications of Social Learning Theory?
Social learning theory suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating, the behavior of others Psychologist Albert Bandura developed the sociallearning theory, as an alternative to the earlier work of fellow psychologist B.F. Skinner, known for his influence on behavior Social learning theory can have a number of real-world applications. For example, it
can be used to help researchers understand how aggression and violence might be transmitted through observational learning. By studying media violence, researchers can gain a better understanding of the factors that might lead children to act out the aggressive actions they see portrayed on television and in the movies. But sociallearning can also be utilized to teach people positive behaviors. Researchers canuse social learning theory to investigate and understand ways that positive role models can be used to encourage desirable behaviors and to facilitate social change viorism. While behavioral psychology focuses on how the environment and reinforcement affect behavior, Bandura put forth that individuals can learn behavior through observation.
Q3. Based on the theory and its application, do you think violence iscontagious? Yes, violence is contagious; it‟s like a disease and spread like a virus one person toanother. Understanding violence as a contagious health problem means using a basic set of epidemic control methods to prevent spread, including community violence interruption, outreach and behavior change with those at highest risk, and public education and community mobilization to shift social norms. The strategy is spearheaded by trained community health workers, who have critical ties in the community as well as to hospitals, schools, parks and other sectors. Moralistic ideas actually have a very poor record of solving problems, in part because people differ in their interpretations of moralistic ideas, and in part because they lack an understanding of the actual biology of the problem. Sometimes this is because of the fundamental attribution bias where we humansreplace incomplete understanding with blame of others. As a result, people who Have learned violence, as for those affected or infected with the great infectious Diseases, have been misdiagnosed and mistreated. However, in 2012 we have more pieces of the puzzle. Violence can now be better understood scientifically, and as a result, there must be a new strategy to reduce and eliminate violence. Violence spread may be dramatic and rapidly, or slow, depending on manyfactors.
A ccording to bandura’s bobo doll experiment. Bandura’s observational Theory influences violent Behavior through observation & imitation factors. However, others insinuate that coercive behavior is acted out by revenge-seekingbehavior to punish others. Additionally, effective modeling follows four stages. Described as: “observation/attention, emulation/retention, and self A control/motor reproduction, and motivation/opportunity/self-regulation (Lesson 5 Commentary).” The British Journal of Psychiatry (2015) revealed that initially, the learner actually observes the behavior and relevant elements in the learning environment while it is in action. Second, an individual internalizes the skill by storing the learned series of steps in their memory, so they can remember or reference them later. Next, the learner must have the motor-skills required to mimic the behavior. Finally, they exhibit necessary talents and are provided with an opportunity to engage in the behavior (Swanson, 2015). As a result, the learner converts their mental representation into a physical task. Observing and imitating violent behavior is the most prevalent in the first and potentially secondsteps of the modeling process. For instance, hopefully it would not be in anyone‟smind
Aim: - To understand what intelligence is all about ability to adapt to theenvironment.
TASK: - What is true intelligence?
INTRODUCTION:-
The ability to be confident. Intelligence is not about acknowledged, but it‟s aboutimagination. “intelligence” is an intellect that is much smarter than we think practically in every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom, and social skills. “According to Sternberg, intelligence is the ability to adapt to the environment.”
Robert Sternberg‟s recent article on COVID-19 has shown more clearly than ever that IQ tests and other tests of their ilk, such as the SAT or ACT, are not valid indicators of the type of intelligence that actually matters. Research by Douglas K.Detterman, professor of psychology at Case Western Reserve University, and others shows that these tests are essentially disguised tests of general intelligence.) Alfred Binet and David Wechsler, the founders of the intelligence test movement, said. Any evolutionary theorist should be able to tell you that: organisms that don‟t adapt die. Species that don‟t adapt die off. That‟s also the consensus of psychologists in scholarly symposia that have sought to understand what intelligence is. Trivial academic problems don‟t measure well your ability to adapt to the environment. Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivationand self-awareness. Intelligence enables humans to remember descriptions of things and use those descriptions in future behaviors. It is a cognitive process. It gives humans the cognitive abilities to learn, form con. In this Covid -19 pandemicpeople lost their jobs and few of them started working from home. This issue comes from worldwide problem. Our real life issues are small but we a can handle Those easily with our intelligence Covid -19 had effected many live. Here is debateabout if human intelligence is based on hereditary factors or if it is based on environmental factors. Hereditary intelligence is the theory that intelligence is fixed upon birth and not able to grow. Environmental intelligence is the theory that intelligence is developed throughout life depending on the environment around the person. An environment that cultivates intelligence is one that challenges the person‟s cognitive abilities. It might be same as artificial intelligence. Which has ability to resolve the error and make our applications works better for us. Same as our mind which has different factors to resolve issues (Real life or worldwide). What if our intelligence doesn‟t work? It means weare not normal. It cause of sub normality, mental deficiency. According to Sternberg, people who the really adaptively unintelligent are today, in the age of
COVID-19, not only in Kenya but also right where you live? Not the ones who get low standardized test scores. Rather, they are the ones who refuse to wear masks, who don‟t socially distance and who don‟t trouble themselves to wash their hands. “Intelligence is about protecting our self with preventing covid -19 effects not like those who think Covid -19 is just a manipulative think by government or it doesn‟t affect us”. According to Sternberg intelligence doesn‟tcalculate by IQ test, its shows by behavior toward the issue.
Conclusion Gardner's and Sternberg's research offers a number of valuable insights for educators. First, educators must recognize the importance and potential in the existence and further development of abilities not always captured by academic tests. Creativity, musical talent, and exceptional social skills should not be viewedas extracurricular skills, but rather facets of intelligence that can be utilized to bolster other less developed cognitive abilities. To adopt this approach, educatorsmust adopt an individualized approach to assessment because children's strengthand weaknesses among different types of intelligences/elements vary so greatly. As predicted by Gardner and Sternberg, facilitating the development of all types of intelligences or aspects of intelligence will likely result in improved academic Skills, better problem solving, and more effective social skills
Description: - Robert Sternberg observation has taken a place that the Intelligence doesn‟t required IQ test, it be seen in general. In covid -19 pandemic when people do not follow the rules of safety guidelines it shows how intelligent people are. Hence, Sternberg wrote in his article that IQ tests and other tests of their ilk, such as the SAT or ACT, are not valid indicators of the type of intelligencethat actually matters.
their actions.
The Benefits and Drawbacks Individuals who identify with an internal locus of control tend to take more responsibility for their actions, whether those actions or the end results are good or bad. They do not accept outside influence for the outcomes, no matter what that is. If, for example, this person did not get back to work in time from lunch, they would think they should have eaten in the office or not gone to lunch altogether. The results of the action are theirs and theirs alone to bear. On the other hand, a person who identifies with an external locus of control looks at everything around them as part of the success
or failure. In many ways, they believe in the team aspect more than those that focus on the internal locus of control, as they will always praise those around them for a job well done, even if they had nothing to do with it at all. They are team players. There are drawbacks to both of these viewpoints, though. An internally-focused person will be on them and constantly analyze what they did wrong. That perspective almost forces theseindividuals to be hard charging, driven individuals that at times can assume a take-no-prisoners attitude. Conversely, those that have an external focus may come off as someone who just does not accept responsibility. While they are and can be team players, if the result is not a positive one, they will be the first to complain that something outside their personal control attributed to the shortfall.
Need of the present Study The present study was conducted in preview of the practical conducted in the firstyear of MA psychology IGNOU course. It was done to understand what islocus of control, types, and factors
and assess the locus of control of participants.
Objective: To find level of locus of control both external and internal of theparticipant
Method Preliminary Details : Name: Mr. XYA Age : 18 years Gender : Male Occupation: STUDENT Social Status : Middle class
Details of the test Rotter‟s locus of control test was administered and the participant was briefed about how the test should be given. He was explained that they have to chooseany one answer from the options give. 20 questions were administered and thescore was calculated on the basis of the key given.
Material used : Rotter‟s questionnaire, pen, writing pad Ethical Guidelines
Brief about the study to the participant: The participant was explained that the study is done as a part of MA psychologycourse and no other information about the participant will be shared to anyone.
He Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a comprehensivemeasure of normal- range personality found to be effective in a variety of settingswhere an in-depth assessment of the whole person is needed.
Born in 1905, Cattell witnessed the advent of many 20th-century inventionssuch as electricity, telephones, cars, and airplanes. He was inspired by these innovations and was eager to apply the scientific methods used to make such discoveries to the human mind and personality, he believed, was not just some unknowable and untestable mystery. It was something that could be studied and organized. Through scientific study, human characteristics and behaviors could be predicted based on underlying personality traits. Cattell worked with psychologist Charles Spearman, who was known for his pioneering work in statistics. Cattell would later use the factor analysis techniques developed by Spearman to create his own personality taxonomy.
The Trait Approach to Personality Psychologists have long debated exactly how personality should be defined and described. One of these key ideas is known as the trait theory of personality. According to trait theory, human personality is composed of a number of broad traits or dispositions. Some of the earliest of these trait theories attempted to describe every single trait that might possibly exist. For example, psychologist Gordon Allport identified more than 4, words in the English language that could be used to describe personality traits. While this approach was good at Identifying different types of traits, it is unwieldy and difficult to use. Many of these traits, for example, are highly similar, making it difficult to distinguish some traits from others. Such ambiguity also makes it difficult to study these personality traits.
The following personality trait list describes some of the descriptive termsused for each of the 16 personality dimensions described by Cattell. Abstractedness : Imaginative versus practical Apprehension : Worried versus confident Dominance : Forceful versus submissive
Emotional stability : Calm versus high-strung Liveliness : Spontaneous versus restrained
Openness to change : Flexible versus attached to the familiar Perfectionism : Controlled versus undisciplined Privateness : Discreet versus open Reasoning : Abstract versus concrete Rule-consciousness : Conforming versus non-conforming Self-reliance : Self-sufficient versus dependent Sensitivity : Tender-hearted versus tough-minded Social boldness : Uninhibited versus s Tension : Inpatient versus relaxed Vigilance : Suspicious versus trusting Warmth : Outgoing versus reserved
The test is composed of forced-choice questions in which the respondent must choose one of three different alternatives. Personality traits are then representedby a range and the individual's score falls somewhere on the continuum between highest and lowest extremes. The scores can be interpreted using a number of different systems, depending upon why the test is being used. Some interpretivereports take a clinical approach looking at personality, while others are more focused on topics such as career selection, teamwork development, andleadership potential. A number of studies have supported the test's validity, including its use in career development and personality assessment.
significance. He readily agreed to it.
shared.
Introspective Report The participant was clear about the answers he marked except for the question of Marriage. He completed the test in10 mints time.
taciturn, introspective and silent. Low scorers are lively, animated, spontaneous, enthusiastic, happy-go-lucky, cheerful, andimpulsive.
self-indulgent and disregard rules. High scorers are rule- conscious, dutiful, conscientious, conforming, moralistic, and staid and rulebound.
timid, hesitant and intimidated. High scorers are sociallybold, venturesome, thick-skinned and uninhibited.
unsentimental, tough minded, self-reliant, and no-nonsense andrough. High scorers are sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, tender-minded, intuitive and refined.
scorers are vigilant, suspicious, skeptical, distrustful and oppositional.
solution oriented, steady and conventional. High scorersare abstract, imaginative, absent minded, impractical and absorbed in ideas.
genuine, artless, open, guileless, naive, unpretentious andinvolved.
diplomatic.
complacent, secure, free of guilt, confident and self-satisfied.High scorers are apprehensive, self-doubting, worried, guilt prone, insecure, worrying and self-blaming.
attached to familiar, conservative and respect traditional ideas.High scorers are open to change, experimental, liberal, analytical, critical, free-thinking and flexible.
affiliate. High scorers are self-reliant, solitary, resourceful,individualistic and self- sufficient.
are unexacting, flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-conflict,impulsive, careless of social rules and uncontrolled. High scorers are perfectionist, organized, compulsive, self- disciplined, socially precise, exacting will power, control and self-sentimental.
tranquil, torpid, patient, composed low drive. High scorers are tense, high energy, impatient, driven, and frustrated, over wrought andtime driven
To understand main experiment of HALO EFFECT and it‟s advantage, and relation between learning behavior & Halo effect.
The halo effect is a well-documented social-psychology phenomenon that causes people to be biased in their judgments by transferring their feelings aboutone attribute of something to other, unrelated, attributes.
For example, a tall or good-looking person will be perceived as being intelligent and trustworthy, even though there is no logical reason to believe that height or looks correlate with smarts and honesty.
The halo effect works both in both positive and negative directions:
If you like one aspect of something, you'll have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. If you dislike one aspect of something, you'll have a negativepredisposition toward everything about it.
A negative halo effect is sometimes called the "devil effect" or the "pitchfork effect," but that seems to be taking the metaphor too far. We recommend usingthe term "halo effect" for both positive and negative biases. The term "halo" is used in analogy with the religious concept: a glowing circle that can be seen floating above the heads of saints in countless medieval and Renaissance paintings. The saint's face seems bathed in heavenly light from his or her halo. Thus, by seeing that somebody was painted with a halo, you can tell that this must have been a good and worthy person. In other words, you're transferringyour judgment from one easily observed characteristic of the person (painted with a halo) to a judgment of that person's character.
Thus, the name has nothing to do with the video game Halo :-)
