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Strategies for Phonological Awareness & Reading in K-2 Teachers, Exams of Advanced Education

University of MarylandAdvanced Education

Various strategies for kindergarten to second-grade teachers to enhance students' phonological awareness and reading comprehension skills. These strategies include guided practice activities, multisensory approaches, and the use of graphic organizers and mentor texts. The document also covers the importance of recognizing and addressing students' difficulties in decoding words and developing long-term memory of nondecodable words.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 03/25/2024

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PRAXIS 5205 TEACHING READING
Using a plot chart to track the events in a story - correct answer A teacher
reviews the following student scores on a standardized reading test with the goal
of determining the areas in which the student will require additional instruction.
- 75thseventy fifth percentile in vocabulary knowledge
- 85theighty fifth percentile in decoding
- 40thfortieth percentile in comprehension
- 70thseventieth percentile in fluency
Based on the data, which of the following activities best addresses the student's
needs?
Having students say the word "airplane" and then asking them to say it again
without pronouncing "air" - correct answer A kindergarten teacher plans a lesson
designed to give students guided practice in learning a phonological awareness
skill. Having students participate in which of the following activities best meets
the teacher's goal?
Searching a story to reach a conclusion based on clues an author gives and prior
knowledge to construct meaning that goes beyond what is literally stated -
correct answer A first-grade teacher selects a picture book that retells the well-
known fairy tale Goldilocks and the Three Bears to read aloud to the class.
Following the first oral reading of the text, the teacher distributes a graphic
organizer with a set of questions for students to answer as the text is read again.
During the second reading, the teacher pauses at different parts of the story and
asks students to independently answer one of the questions related to that part
of the story on the work sheet. A portion of the graphic organizer the teacher uses
is shown below.
The teacher's instructional method best engages students in which of the
following thinking processes related to successful reading comprehension?
Using mentor texts to encourage imitation of effective writing - correct answer A
first-grade teacher works with small groups of students to teach them how to
develop their writing skills. Which of the following methods best fosters the
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PRAXIS 5205 TEACHING READING

Using a plot chart to track the events in a story - correct answer A teacher reviews the following student scores on a standardized reading test with the goal of determining the areas in which the student will require additional instruction.

  • 75thseventy fifth percentile in vocabulary knowledge
  • 85theighty fifth percentile in decoding
  • 40thfortieth percentile in comprehension
  • 70thseventieth percentile in fluency Based on the data, which of the following activities best addresses the student's needs? Having students say the word "airplane" and then asking them to say it again without pronouncing "air" - correct answer A kindergarten teacher plans a lesson designed to give students guided practice in learning a phonological awareness skill. Having students participate in which of the following activities best meets the teacher's goal? Searching a story to reach a conclusion based on clues an author gives and prior knowledge to construct meaning that goes beyond what is literally stated - correct answer A first-grade teacher selects a picture book that retells the well- known fairy tale Goldilocks and the Three Bears to read aloud to the class. Following the first oral reading of the text, the teacher distributes a graphic organizer with a set of questions for students to answer as the text is read again. During the second reading, the teacher pauses at different parts of the story and asks students to independently answer one of the questions related to that part of the story on the work sheet. A portion of the graphic organizer the teacher uses is shown below. The teacher's instructional method best engages students in which of the following thinking processes related to successful reading comprehension? Using mentor texts to encourage imitation of effective writing - correct answer A first-grade teacher works with small groups of students to teach them how to develop their writing skills. Which of the following methods best fosters the

students' ability to use correct mechanics, such as punctuation and capitalization, in their own writing? Say "frame." Say it again without the /r/. - correct answer Which of the following phonemic manipulations is the most complex and is generally developed last by most students? Planning direct instruction using multimedia methods to introduce words in rich contexts - correct answer A third-grade teacher's reading instruction includes sources from multiple content areas. During a science lesson, students are reading a trade book about plants; the book contains many new and difficult vocabulary words, such as "chlorophyll," "germinate," and "photosynthesis." Which of the following teaching activities will best help the students develop an understanding of the new words? Responding to simple questions with yes or no - correct answer What oral language milestone goes first? Answering questions using complete sentences and a variety of sentence structures. - correct answer What oral milestone comes second? Using content-related vocabulary correctly during conversations. - correct answer What oral milestone comes third? Making an oral presentation that is appropriate for the given audience - correct answer What oral milestone comes fourth? Explaining the process in detail and modeling it by thinking aloud while reading the passage - correct answer Ms. Jones introduces visualizing as a comprehension skill to her first-grade students using a short passage of text. Which of the following strategies illustrates how to best introduce the skill? Improving long-term memory of a nondecodable word by engaging multiple student senses in learning - correct answer A kindergarten teacher sets a

set the standards for student skill mastery along with a time frame indicating when the level of mastery should be achieved - correct answer A primary purpose of a criterion-referenced reading benchmark is to Playing recordings of interesting stories that are above the students' reading level and discussing character development, plot, and theme - correct answer A second-grade teacher reviewed data from the midyear literacy screening and compared them to the data from the beginning-of-the-year literacy screening. The data revealed that the students who were grade-level readers at the beginning of the year showed very little growth in reading comprehension, and two-thirds of the emergent readers were ready to be placed with the grade-level readers. Which of the following strategies will best help accelerate the growth of the grade-level readers? It encourages students to build on their prior knowledge of a topic. - correct answer Which of the following is the most important pedagogical reason for having students complete an I-chart? Drawing random capital or lowercase letters, numbers, or other symbols. - correct answer What happens in Stage 1: the emergent stage? Writing the beginning and ending consonant sounds of words - correct answer What happens in Stage 2: Letter name-alphabetic spelling? writing words with long vowel patterns and r-controlled vowels - correct answer What happens in stage 3: Within-word pattern spelling? Using inflectional endings, changing spellings when needed. - correct answer What happens in stage 4: Syllables and affixes spelling. Vowel Digraphs - correct answer A second-grade teacher guides students in using Elkonin boxes to write letters in boxes under pictures. Which of the following phonics concepts does the strategy best reinforce in the example shown?

Supporting learning of the alphabetic principle - correct answer A kindergarten teacher uses bright-colored chalk to write individual letters on sheets of black construction paper. Students take turns pointing a flashlight at and naming the letter on each sheet. Which of the following instructional objectives does the activity target? Recommend that students elaborate and use words to make images more specific. - correct answer Which of the following should a teacher do to best help students who are revising their own writing? distinguishing between textually explicit and textually implicit questions - correct answer Mr. Krause's fourth-grade students are having difficulty answering text- dependent comprehension questions. He plans to use the question-answer relationship (QARQ A R) strategy to help students comprehend the types of questions being asked. The QARQ A R strategy supports students in structural analysis - correct answer While conducting a think-aloud to demonstrate a word-learning skill for use in decoding multisyllabic words, the teacher states, "I look for parts of the word I know." By using this technique, the teacher provides instruction that focuses primarily on Employing an online document-sharing service - correct answer After presenting a group writing assignment to students, a third-grade teacher plans to introduce technology to foster group collaboration. Which of the following uses of technology would best help the teacher meet this goal? To provide a framework that helps students to comprehend and retain story information - correct answer Ms. Dorsey, a second-grade teacher, begins a lesson by reviewing the story grammar of conventional short fiction. She reminds students that most stories have a beginning that includes information about the setting and the main characters. Then an event introducing a goal or problem occurs, followed by a series of events in which the characters attempt to solve the problem. At the end of the story, the goal or problem is finally resolved. Which of the following best explains the teacher's rationale for instructing students in recognizing story grammar in fictional texts?

Showing students how to use roots and affixes to determine meanings - correct answer Which of the following is the most effective strategy for building and extending students' vocabulary knowledge? Phonological awareness - correct answer Which of the following is the ability to recognize that words in oral language are made up of a variety of sound units? Developing phonological awareness by recognizing alliteration - correct answer A preschool teacher works with a small group of students in a center and asks them to walk around the room to find and name groups of five objects or pictures that begin with the same sound. Students first find a bat, a ball, a box, a boat, and a bug. Then they identify a chair, a chart, a chain, a chick, and a cherry. Which of the following early literacy concepts is best supported by the instructional activity? Writing a variety of sentence types - correct answer By guiding students to fill in the blanks, the teacher best supports student learning in which of the following areas? Words that are used multiple times should be chosen, because they provide students with repeated exposure in a meaningful context. - correct answer A kindergarten teacher prepares to use an interactive read-aloud to enhance students' vocabulary knowledge. Which of the following best describes a guideline the teacher should adhere to when selecting the vocabulary words the students will learn? "Omnivorous" animals prefer eating both plants and meat. - correct answer A teacher provides students with sentences to use to determine the meanings of words according to their contexts. Which of the following sentences best fulfills the teacher's purpose? Modeling how to read the selected texts before asking the students to read them - correct answer A teacher selects both fiction and nonfiction texts that all students in a guided reading group can read independently with 95 percent accuracy. The teacher instructs the students to read the texts aloud together chorally four times

over a period of time. Which of the following changes to the activity best facilitates reading fluency? Building sight word vocabulary - correct answer A teacher selects words from a storybook and places them in a pocket attached to the back cover. The student removes all the familiar words from the pocket and attempts to find the remaining words within the text of the story. Which of the following is the instructional purpose of the activity? Prosody - correct answer During a small-group literacy workshop, a teacher reads a classic fairy tale aloud to students. While reading, the teacher stops to discuss how good readers adjust the pitch and volume of their voice, use punctuation cues to attend to proper phrasing, and read with natural expression. The teacher's instruction primarily emphasizes which of the following components of reading fluency? Interpreting a communicated message - correct answer A teacher laminates pictures of book covers for several favorite read-aloud stories and places them in the retelling center. Student A chooses a cover and, without showing it to Student B, describes the beginning, middle, and end of the story. Student B guesses which story Student A is describing. The activity is best suited to reinforce which of the following literacy skills? Helping students determine appropriate goals for their letters - correct answer A teacher begins a new unit on writing a persuasive letter. Which of the following instructional methods is best for the teacher to use during the planning stage? Designing a series of lessons with one reading objective and providing modeling, think-alouds, and guided practice of the objective - correct answer Which of the following instructional strategies is best for a first-grade teacher to use with emergent readers? vocabulary - correct answer The instructional strategy list-group-label is most effective for teaching which of the following?

Encourage the student to select a book by a favorite author or topic. - correct answer Problem: The student chooses the same book repeatedly. Solution? Ask the student about his or her interests and explain how the books are organized in the library. - correct answer Problem: The student is overwhelmed with selecting a text. Solution? Provide several book choices and encourage the student to determine the readability of a text before making a selection. - correct answer Problem. The student no longer enjoys a book he or she has been reading. Solution? Encouraging the student to think about connections with the text - correct answer A teacher notices that a student reads fluently but struggles to understand the text afterward. Which of the following strategies is best for the teacher to implement to help increase the student's understanding? Persuasive - correct answer A teacher prepares two visuals to model the components of a particular type of writing.

  • A video clip of an advertisement featuring a well-known athlete as the spokesperson for a popular brand of shoe
  • A pamphlet for mobile phone insurance that features images of damaged and cracked mobile devices The visuals best facilitate instruction about which of the following types of writing?