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BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Course Instructor :Dr. Pham Thi Hoa Room [email protected]
Waste constituents
-^ Biodegradable•^ Non-biodegradable
Physical – chemicalprocessBiological process
Wastewater treatmentengineering andresources recovery,Metcaft & Eddy, 2014)
Environmental EngineeringAlmost all waste contain biodegradable constituents can be treated biologically
DevelopmentTreatment ofwastewater andpurify town gas
- Biotechnological processes to protect the environment havebeen used, even longer than the term ‘biotechnology’ exists.• Municipal sewage treatment plants and filters to purify towngas were developed and proved very effective although atthe time, little was known about the biological principlesunderlying their function.
Research onfundamental ofthe process
- Our knowledge base on EnvironmentalBiotechnology has increased enormously.
Processmodeling andimprovement
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology:Biotechnology
= The Application of Scientific and Engineering Principles
to the Processing of Materials by Biological Agents to Provide Goods andServices Environmental Biotechnology:Application of Biological Process Principles andEngineering Principles For The Treatment of Liquid,Solid and Gaseous Wastes
BioremediationPrevention Detection and monitoring
Genetic engineering
EnvironmentalBiotechnology
bioremediation •Biotechnological techniques to treat waste before orafter it has been brought into the environmentprevention •Biotechnology used to develop products andprocesses that generate less waste and use less non‐renewable resources and energy.•In this respect biotechnology is well positioned tocontribute to the development of a more sustainablesociety.detection and monitoring • Biotechnological techniques to monitor the quality ofthe environment
Recombinant DNAtechnology hasimproved thepossibilities for theprevention ofpollution and holds apromise for a furtherdevelopment ofbioremediation.
geneticmodification. Legislation, public
opinion the establishment oradaptation ofregulations to deal withgenetically modifiedorganisms.Public opinion highlightshow people feel aboutenvironmentalbiotechnology.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
O.E.C.D. (Organisation For Economic Cooperation and Development)1994 ‘Biotechnology For a Clean Environment”Estimated the worldwide potential market for environmental biotechnologyat:
1990
$40 billion
2000
$75 billion
In 2000, USA – there are about 130 biotreatment companiesU.S Market for Environmental Biotech Products for Waste Treatment Worth$261.3 million by 2013http://www.przoom.com/news/34779/Environmental biotechnology accounts for about 30-40% of allenvironmental technologies
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Example of Potential:Petroleum contaminated soil and groundwater resulting fromleaking underground storage tanksUSA
About 750,000 exisiting sitesOver 50% contain petroleum hydrocarbonsOver 1/3 of these are leakingCost per site for clean-up : $100,000-$250, If 10% undergo biological treatment :
$ billions
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
What “Basic Skills” are Required?
1.^
Basic Understanding of Microbiology
2.^
Basic Understanding of Biochemistry
3.^
Quantitative Understanding of Microbial Growthand Metabolism
4.^
Quantitative Understanding of BiologicalReactions and Reactors
5.^
Ability to make relevant design calculations (e.g.reactor size etc)
6.^
Ability to synthesise 1-4 above to quantitativelyunderstand existing and new biologicalmetabolisms and processes
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
What are the “Engineering Issues”??Rates – v- Yields (That is HOW FAST a process works and HOWEFFICIENTLY it works)A quantitative understanding of a process or operation , so thatrelevant design calculations can be made to ensure optimalperformance (for example, reactor size, oxygen requirements, heating/ cooling requirements, nutrient supplementation requirementsThe use of computer design packages are now commonplace inenvironmental biotechnology. The activated sludge models (ASM),mathematical descriptions of flocs and films, computational fluiddynamics etc are some examples of these.
Rates and Yields – Relevant Engineering Questions Rate:What if the maximum rate possible?What factors influence it?Yield:What is the “relevant” yield?What is the maximum “growth associated” andnon-growth associated yield?Is there a relationship between rate and yield ?That is, is there a “trade-off”?Is it desirable to achieve the highest yield?? Whatproblems does high yield create?
Biological N - Mechanism
NH
+
NO
-
NO
NHOH^4 -
NO
- NO^2 NO
N
Organic N nitrite oxidoreductase
monooxygenasehydroxylamine oxidoreductase
nitrate reductase nitrous oxide reductasenitrite reductase nitric oxide reductase Aerobic nitrification: NH
+^ +
2O
NO
+ 2H
+^ H
O 2
Anoxic
denitrification: NO
0.625CH
COOH 3
+^ H
+^
0.5N
1.25CO
1.75H
O 2
Sulfur Metabolism
Anaerobic Digestion Process – An Example of Multi -
organism and Multi-pathway
Integration of Microbiology, Biochemistry
-^
Microbial Growth Kinetics
-^
Energy Formation
-^
Electron Acceptance
-^
Degradation Pathways
-^
Co-Metabolism
-^
Integration of Pathways
Environmental Factors
Biological process are very significantly affected byenvironmental factors such as pH, temperature, presenceof sufficient carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous , growthfactors, vitamins, salt etc.In addition, actions taken during biotreatment may alsohave an influence on the biological processes. Forexample, pH modification using NaOH or NH
Cl may have 4
very different consequences (Na
+^ inhibition or increased
oxygen demand by NH
+^ ). 4
