Download Helicopter Aerodynamics & Flight Safety: Blade Stall, Altitude, and Risk Management and more Exams Aviation in PDF only on Docsity!
PRIVATE PILOT CHECKRIDE
Induced drag Generated by the airflow circulation around the rotor blade as it creates lift. Major cause of drag at low speeds Dynamic Rollover -The tendency of a helicopter to continue rolling when the critical angle is exceeded, -if one gear is on the ground, and the helicopter is pivoting around that point -Lifting component, pivot point, rolling moment,9°-14° When does low rotor RPM blade stall? 80% plus 1% for every 1000' of altitude Retreating blade stall Stall that begins at or near the tip of the retreating blade, results from -high speed -steep turns in turbulent air -Low airspeed and high AOA causes stall at 9' O'clock -Ship tilts up and to the left Dissymmetry of Lift Unequal lift across the rotor disc resulting from the difference in the velocity of air over the advancing blade and velocity of air over the retreating blade of the rotor disk area Lift Equation Lift = CLx(1/2px V2) x S -CL= lift coefficient
- AOA= Angle of Attack -P= density -V2= Velocity of Airflow -S= Surface area of blades Tachometer Failure EP
- Use remaining tach to monitor RPM
- If it is not clear which or if both tachometers malfunction, allow gov to control RPM
- Land as soon as Practical Special circuits allow battery to power tachometer with master battery off. Max Glide Distance Configuration EP
- 75 knts
- Rotor RPM 90%
- Best Glide Ratio 4:1 OR 1nm per 1500' AGL Low RPM Horn & Caution Light EP
- Roll throttle on
- Lower Collective
- If in forward flight, apply aft cyclic Recent Flight Experience Requirements 61. Day: 3 takeoffs and landings within preceding 90 days, sole manipulator, same category, class and type Night: 3 takeoffs and landings within preceding 90 days, either 1 hour before or after sunset, sole manipulator, same category, class and type Carbon Monoxide light EP
- Shut off heater
- Open Cabin/Door vents
- Any symptoms of CO poisoning are present, LAND IMMEDIATELY RAIMI + PPG Used for external pressures in P.A.V.E Resignation: What's the use?... I am not helpless, I can make a difference Anti-authority: Don't tell me!... Follow rules, they are usually right. Invulnerability: It wont happen to me!... It could happen to me. Macho: I can do it!... Taking chances is foolish. Impulsivity: Do something quickly!... No so fast, think first. PEER PRESSURE PRIDE GET THERE-ITIS Engine fire during start on ground. EP
- Continue cranking
- If engine starts, maintain 50-60% RPM
- Fuel Mixture-off 4.Fuel Valve-off
- Battery-off
- Rotor Brake
- Exit aircraft 3P's (type of ADM) Perceive- Given set of circumstances for flight, P.A.V.E. Process- By evaluating impact on flight safety, C.A.R.E. Perform- by implementing best course of action, T.E.A.M.
Height above the Standard Datum Plane (SDP) (SDP) Theoretical level where weight of the atmosphere is 29.92" HG Standard Pressure - Current Pressure setting) x 1000 + field elevation Altitude corrected for non standard pressure Pilot Log Book+ Flight Records 61.
Must Log- training/ aeronautical experience to meet rating -Aeronautical experience for recent flight experiences Flight info: Date Total Time Location Type/ ID of Aircraft Name of Safety Pilot Pilot Info: Solo? PIC? SIC? Flight/ Ground Training received Simulator Training Conditions of Flight Day OR Night TRUE ALTITIUDE Height above Mean Sea Level MSL= Elevation from sea level Oil Light EP's Caution/ Warning Light
- Check engine tach for power loss
- Check oil pressure for loss of pressure
- If loss of pressure is confirmed LAND IMMEDIATELY Aerodynamics of an Autorotation Stall
Driving Driven Rotor powered solely from upward air flowing through the rotor disk Stall region: In board 25% of blade *Blade is stalled due to high AOA *Low air speed *Only drag produced, Slows blade Driving region: 25%-75% of blade *High relative wind *High AOA *Provides driving force on blade Driven Region: 30% of the tip of the blade *Relative wind very high *AOA to small to produce lift *Creates drag, slows blades What is DENSITY ALTITUDE? Pressure Altitude corrected for non standard temp. Pressure altitude + [120 x (OAT-ISA)] ISA standard temp is 15c. Decreases 2c for every 1000' above sea level What are the 4 H's? HIGH Density Altitude HOT temperature HEAVY weight and balance HUMID air condition Useful Load Difference between maximum gross weight and basic empty weight Maximum Gross Weight Max weight of the helicopter 1370lbs Vy R22 POH Speed for best rate of climb Vne R22 POH
-Fuel -Passengers -Baggage What does fuel burn off cause? Cause C.G. To shift forward CHT (Cylinder Head Temp) markings POH Green Arc= 200-500°f Red Line= 500°f VD MONA (compass errors) Variation Deviation Magnetic DIP Oscillation Northernly Turning Errors Acceleration Errors MOA Military Operating Area (SUA) -Separate IFR/VFR pilots from Military flight activities -Specific body of air -Not required to gain permission -Explained on chart -Non hazardous Military Activity Oil Pressure Marking POH -Lower red line= 25 psi -Lower yellow arc= 25-55 psi -Green arc= 55-95 psi -Upper yellow arc= 96-115 psi -Upper red line= 115 psi Surface Analysis Charts
- Depicts current analysis of surface weather
- Transmitted every 3 hours, covers 48 states
- Shows High/Low pressure, fronts, temps, dew points, winds, local weather, visual obscurations Radar Summary Chart *Computer generated graphical display of automated weather reports *No clouds, just precipitation (type intensity) *Severe weather watches *Available hourly, 35 min past the hour
Rotor Tach markings POH -Upper red line= 110% -Yellow arc= 104-110% -Green arc= 101-104% -Yellow arc=90-101% -Lower red line= 90% -Yellow arc= 60-70% A.R.R.O.W. Used for the AIRCRAFT part of PAVE Airworthiness Certificates Registration Radio Operating license (only if crossing International borders) Operating Limits Weight and Balance Who is SFAR available to? Applies to all persons who seek to manipulate the controls of or act as PIC of an R22/ R GFA Graphical Forecast for Aviaiton *Gives necessary aviation weather info for large areas *Viewed from 14hrs in past to 15hrs in future *Forecasts, observational data, warnings *Thunderstorms, Icing, precip, clouds, winds and turbulence Fuel Requirements for FAR and LEA FAR/ AIM 91.151 20 min past the point of intended landing LEA- 30 Min, 20 if in the pattern with CFI Increase by 10 min for night flights Engine Operating Limits POH MAX RPM= 2652 RPM OR 104% MAX CHT= 500F OIL TEMP= 245F OIL PRESSURE MIN IDLE= 25 PSI MIN FLIGHT= 55 PSI MAX FLIGHT= 95 PSI MAX STARTUP/ WARMUP= 115 PSI
-weather cock stability *tail winds at 6 o'clock causes weather veining
- lots of pedal work -tail rotor vortex ring state *wind moving in same direction as tail rotor
- wind from 9 o'clock or left cross wind Caution Warning Lights Alternator EP's
- Turn off all non essential electrical equipment
- Switch alt to off and back on after one second to reset Alt
- If light stays on, land as soon as practical Profile Drag Develops from the frictional resistance of the blades passing through the air. Profile drag is composed of form drag and skin friction. Motion Sickness *Brain receiving conflicting messages about body *General Discomfort, Nausea, Dizziness, Paleness, Sweating, Vomiting *Fresh Air, Focus on Objects Outside, Unnecessary Head Movements METAR -Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine weather report -Current ground weather conditions -Updated every hour, 55min past hour -Valid until superseded Gyroscopic Precession -main rotor acts like a gyroscope -Gyroscopic precession is resultant action/ deflection of a spinning object when force is applied -Action occurs 90 later in the direction of rotation Middle Ear- Sinus Problems *Descents/ Climbs, Expanding Gas Cannot Escape *Causes Ear/ Sinus Pain and Hearing Loss *Pinch Nostrils and Blow *Flight with cold, ear infection, sore throat may not be able to relieve -Check with AME before taking meds 5 Types of NOTAMs
- FDC (Flight Data Center) -TFR
- D NOTAM (DISTANT) -Nav Systems
- Airport closures
-Pointer NOTAMs (Point to other NOTAMs) -SAA NOTAMs (Special Activity AIrspace) -MOAA's -Military NOTAM's Alert Area Airspace Depicted on charts to inform non-participating pilots of areas that may contain high volume of pilot training or unusual type of aerial activity -Often Military Training -Times, contact agency for info located on chart -Permission not required Special Flight Permit Ferry Permit, Issued by the FAA authorizes Operation of aircraft that does not meet Airworthiness requirements Fly aircraft to Maintenance Spatial Disorentation -Lack of orientation between the pilot and aircraft -Vestibular system(inner ear), somatosensory system (nerves, skin, muscles) Visual system -IMC Moment Weight of an item multiplied by its ARM WxA=M LTE(Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness) in forward flight
- Enter Auto rotation 2.Maintain at least 70KNTS
- Select landing site, ROLL throttle into over travel spring, perform auto rotation landing Significant Weather Prognostic Charts *Surface to 24,000' *Forecast of aviation weather hazards *Issued four times daily, 0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 *Divided Left/Right 12/24 HR forecasts *Freezing, Turbulence, Ceiling/ Visibility Center of Gravity Location along the fuselage at which heli would balance Special Use Airspace MCPRAWN
performance at hover -Creates area of high pressure under the ship Induced Air Flow Downward flow of air through the rotor disc Airspeed Limits R22 POH Up to 3000' DA 102Kias Translational Lift Effective Translational Lift (ETL) Translational Lift- additional lift obtained when entering forward flight, due to increased efficiency of the rotor system. Effective Translational Lift- 16/24 KNTS, rotor system completely out runs recirculating of old vortices R22 Power plant R22 POH -O360-J2A -145 BHP @ 2700 RPM (derated) -4-6 quarts oil Max continuous rating - 124 BHP @ 2652 RPM 104% 5 Min takeoff- 131 BHP @ 2652 RPM PAVE (Risk assessment/ management) Pilot Aircraft Environment External Pressures Use this for perceive step of 3P's Transverse- Flow Effect Conditions of increased drag and decreased lift in aft portion of rotor disc caused by air having greater induced velocity and angle in aft portion of disc Felt right before ETL as vibrations LTE in Hover EP's
- Roll throttle off into over travel spring
- Raise collective just before touch down Hypoxia (causes, effects, corrective actions) Hypoxic= TOO HIGH Hypemic= CO poisoning Histoxic= DRUGS or ALCOHOL Stagnant= G FORCES Hyperventilation= STRESS or ANXIETY Middle Ear Sinus Problems= PRESSURE -State of o2 deficiency in the body -Sufficient enough to impair functions of brain and other organs -Judgment, memory, alertness, coordination, ability to make calculations -Headache, drowsiness, dizziness, euphoria -Lower Altitude, fresh air, o CAT markings (carb air temp) POH Yellow arc -15-5C Restricted Airspace Volume of Airspace typically used by military, where air traffic must be restricted or prohibited for safety or security concerns -"R" followed by serial # -Missiles, Artillery, ECT... -Must acquire authorization prior to entry Water Landings Power ON EP's
- Hover above water
- Unlatch doors 3.Passenger exit 4.Fly safe distance away from passengers 5.Master Battery/ Alternator OFF
- Throttle off into over travel spring
- Keep Level attitude and apply full collective on contact with water 8.Lateral cyclic to stop rotors 9.Clear aircraft PWOT FEEL *Performance *Winds *Obstacles *Turbulence *Forced Landings *Entry
Correlator Mechanical linkage between collective and throttle TFR's (Temporary Flight Restriction) -Temporary Flight Restriction -Type of NOTAM -defines an area restricted to travel due to hazardous condition, special event or general warning SFAR 73 Dual Instruction in Abnormal/ Emergency procedures G.E.L.L. Governor off, proper control of RPM Enhanced training in Autorotations Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery Low G effects and recovery procedures Engine Fire in Flight EP's
- Enter auto
- Cabin heat off
- Cabin vent on 4.Engine running normal- land fuel/ mixture off Engine stops- fuel off complete auto landing
- Master Off
- If time permits- rotor brake
- Exit ship When do you use CARB HEAT? R22 POH -4c to 30c Difference between OAT and dew point is less than 15c When operating below 18" HG Low G Mast Bumping *Semi-rigid rotor systems *Weight no longer pulling down on mast *tail rotor thrust tilts fuselage to the right (tail rotor thrust still effective)
*Applying right cyclic continues to roll until rotor system strikes mast *AFT cyclic Winds and Temps Aloft chart -Winds and Temps for specific locations
- Taken at 0000Z and 1200Z PIC
- Has final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of flight
- Has been designated as PIC before or during flight 3.Hold appropriate category class and type rating for flight ARM Horizontal distance from a reference Datum to center of gravity of an item Warning Area (SUA) -Airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 3 NM outward from the coast of US. Contains activity hazardous to Aircrafts -Like a MOA but over the water -High Speed, aerobatic maneuvers missiles and artillery could be present -Permission Not required but encouraged CTAF Common Traffic Advisory Frequency Color Code for Instrument Markings R22 POH RED= Operating Limit YELLOW= Precautionary/ Special Operating Procedure Range GREEN= Normal Operating Range Low Rotor RPM and Blade Stall -Rotor RPM decreases, produces less lift until stall happens -Eventually blades will bend or fold -Add throttle/ lower collective -Aft Cyclic Registration Certificate Aircraft registration good for 6 years ID -tail number -serial number -make and model -person or company issued to -date
Rotor diameter= 25'2" Height to top of mast= 107" Tail diameter= 42" or 3.5' Total length= 28'9" width of skids =76" Dehydration -Critical Loss of H20 from body -Hot environments, wind, humidity -Headache, fatigue, cramps, sleepiness, dizziness -Two-Four quarts per day SRM (single pilot resource management) -Art/ science managing all resources available in/ outside of aircraft prior/ during flight for success -Risk management, task management, automation management, CFIT awareness, situational awareness -Accurately assess risk and manage it Light Gun Signals Steady Green= (OG) Cleared for take off (IF) Cleared to land Flashing Green= (OG) Cleared to taxi (IF) Return for Landing Steady Red= (OG) STOP (IF) Give way to other traffic, keep circling Flashing Red= (OG) Taxi clear of landing area, runway in use (IF) Airport unsafe, DO NOT LAND! Flashing White= (OG) Return to start (IF) N/A Alternating Green/ White= (OG) (IF) USE EXTREME CAUTION Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (CO poisoning) -Colorless/ Odorless gas produced by engine -Attaches to hemoglobin, 200x more easy than o -Prevents o2 from entering cells -48hrs to dispose of CO -Disposable CO detectors -Headache, Blurred Vision, Dizziness, Drowsiness, Loss of Muscle Power -Turn Off Heater, Open Vents, Supplemental o IFLAPS 91.205 AIRCRAFT IN PAVE Instrument Lights Fuses Landing Lights Anti Collision Lights Position Light
Source of Power Source of Illumination from ground ASOS Automated Surface Observing System 4 Types Of Hypoxia
- Hypoxic-not enough o2 in the body
- Hypemic-not enough blood, CO poison 3.Stagnant- Blood not flowing, shock clogged artery 4.Histoxic- toxins, drugs alcohol Medical Certificate Class and Duration
MINE 2nd class medical under 40 -good for 60 months -after 12 months it reverts to class 3 for the remainder -good for commercial pilots and up to SIC for ATP 1st class: 12 month duration for any age commercial pilot 2nd class: 12 month duration for any age commercial or SIC 3rd class: 60 month under age 40, 24 month over age 40 Private, sport AWOS Automated Weather Observation System Standard Empty Weight Weight of standard helicopter including unusable fuel, full operating fluids, and full oil. Prohibited Airspace -Volume of Airspace, Aircraft are not allowed to fly -Security concerns -Depicted with a "P" and serial # -Entry forbidden at all times ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service -every hour -provides weather Compliance Records Maintenance records, all work including AD must be logged 5 Steps of SFAR 73
