Problems
•Well-defined problems
–Have a clear goal
–Have a clear starting point
–(usually) have a set of rules for solving
•Ill-defined problems
–May have more than one solution
–Starting point and rules may be unclear
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Problems - Human Cognitive Processes - Lecture Slides, Slides of Brain and Cognitive Science
Problems, Well Defined Problems, Ill Defined Problems, Problems to Solve, Cheap Necklace Problem, Dogs and Cats, Problem Solving Strategies, Means End Analysis, Generate and Test, Working Backward are main points in this lecture.
Typology: Slides
2011/2012
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Problems
- Well-defined problems
- Have a clear goal
- Have a clear starting point
- (usually) have a set of rules for solving
- Ill-defined problems
- May have more than one solution
- Starting point and rules may be unclear
Some problems to solve
Unscramble the following anagrams:
- RMECI
- HLACK
- MREAF
- RWTEA
- ERGEN
- THING
Dogs and Cats
- There are 3 cats and 3 dogs on one side of a river, trying to get to the other side. They have one boat which will hold 2 animals at once. A minimum of one animal is required to pilot the boat across the river. To complicate the situation, dogs must NEVER outnumber cats on either side of the river or the dogs will eat the cats. How do you get them all to the other side?
A diagram of Dogs & Cats
• || CCCDDD* = START
- (3 cats, 3 dogs, 1 boat on right bank of river)
- CD*||CCDD
- (1 dog, 1 cat, 1 boat on left; 2 cats, 2 dogs on right)
- D||CCCDD*
What’s next?
Problem-space representations
||CCCDDD*
D*||CCCDD
||CCCDDD*
DD||DCCC DC||DDCC
D||CCCDD* DD||CCCD*
DDD*||CCC
D||CCCDD*
CD* ||CCDD
||CCCDDD* D||CCCDD*
DD*||CCCD
||CCCDDD* Type Title Here
Blocks to Problem Solving
- Mental set
- Water jar problem
- Nine-dot problem
- Six matches problem
- Functional fixedness
- Two-string problem
- Candle problem
- Incorrect representations
Chess masters
- deGroot’s study of masters and novices (1965)
- Masters and novices considered same number of possible moves
- But, masters considered better moves!
- Masters extract more information from even a brief exposure to chess board
- Gobet & Simon (1996): Kasparov’s pattern recognition skills
Experts and novices
- Radiologists (Lesgold et al., 1988)
- Physics problems (Chi et al., 1981)
- Expert systems: computer programs designed to model human experts in order to aid problem solvers
Measuring creativity
- Divergent production tasks
- Multiple uses task
- Remote associates test
- arm coal peach
- falling actor dust
- broken spy eye
- skunk kings boiled
- cracker union rabbit
Encouraging creativity
- Incubation effects
- Brainstorming
- Intrinsic motivation