Understanding Information Technology: History, Applications, and Impact, Essays (university) of Professional Communication

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REPORT WRITING

Application of Information Technology in today’s scenario

Date: -2021-03-

To,

The Hiring Manager

From Sabita Bhandari

Table of content

1. Title – Information Technology
2. Summary –
3. Introduction –
4. Body –  What exactly is Information technology  History of Information technology  Merit and Demerit of IT  Application of IT  Roles of IT in different sector  Impact of IT in today’s scenario
5. Conclusion –
6. Recommendation –
7. Appendices –
8. References.

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information. IT is typically used within the context of business operations as opposed to personal or entertainment technologies. IT is considered to be a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). IT workers help ensure that computers work well for people. The terms "information technology" and "IT" are widely used in business and the field of computing. People use the terms generically when referring to various kinds of computer-related work, which sometimes confuses their meaning. A 1958 article in Harvard Business Review referred to information technology as consisting of three basic parts: computational data processing, decision support, and business software. This time period marked the beginning of IT as an officially defined area of business; in fact, this article probably coined the term. Over the ensuing decades, many corporations created so-called "IT departments" to manage the computer technologies related to their business. Whatever these departments worked on became the de facto definition of Information Technology, one that has evolved over time. Today, IT departments have responsibilities in areas like computer tech support, business computer network and database administration, business software deployment, and information security. Especially during the dot-com boom of the 1990s, Information Technology also became associated with aspects of computing beyond those owned by IT departments. This broader definition of IT includes areas like software development, computer systems architecture, and project management.

History of Information technology

Information technology has been around for a long, long time. Basically, as long as people have been around, information technology has been around because there were always ways of communicating through technology available at that point in time. There are 4 main ages that divide up the history of information technology. Only the latest age (electronic) and some of the

electromechanical age really affects us today, but it is important to learn about how we got to the point we are at with technology today.  Premechanical ages The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans first started communicating, they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyphs’ which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet. Petroglyph As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags. Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form. Also during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And

them it seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in that time ALL of these inventions were HUGE.

 Electromechanical ages

Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field. The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in your own home. Harvard Mark

 Electronic ages

The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations. There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also, during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.

Application of Information Technology

This article is about the application of information technology in different fields. Now a day’s information technology plays a vital role in almost every field. Main applicants of information technology in modern world are cable tv, video on demand, interaction between distance persons, multimedia conferencing, home shopping on web, ATM, electronic data interchange, telemedicine, geographic information system and many more in different fields. The Global Information Technology Report 2015 is a special project within the framework of the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness and Risks Team and the Industry Partnership Program for Information and Communication Technologies. It is the result of collaboration between the World Economic Forum and INSEAD. The Global Information Technology Report 2015 features the latest iteration of the Networked Readiness Index, which assesses the factors, policies and institutions that enable a country to fully leverage information and communication technologies (ICTs) for increased competitiveness and well-being. Under the theme “ICTs for inclusive growth”, the Report also showcases practical solutions to allow everyone to benefit from and participate in the ICT revolution. Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, Israel, Singapore, the Netherlands, and the United States are leading the world when it comes to generating economic impact from investments in information and communications technologies (ICT), according to the World Economic Forum’s Global Information Technology Report 2016. The Global Information Technology Report 2016 features the latest iteration of the Networked Readiness Index, which assesses the factors, policies, and institutions that enable a country to fully leverage information and communication technologies (ICTs) for increased competitiveness and well-being. With the universal application of computer network technology, computer information technology is playing a more and more important role. The archives management also entered a new digital model managed by the computer from the initial manual operation. Traditional archives management is not only problematic in terms of collection, collation and security, but also with the application of high – tech is becoming more and more difficult the need of today’s society economy. Therefore, it is of profound significance to strengthen the application of information technology in archives management.

Information technology in industry and society

Benjamin Disraeli once said, “The most successful man is the one who has the best information.” This remark summarizes the business of information technologies – the production, processing, storing, communication, and use of the information. Information technologies have resulted in the development of one of the world’s largest industries. Global production of electronics equipment in 1985 exceeded $400 billion, as consumption of semiconductors neared $25 billion. By 1990 these production and consumption figures are to expand to at least $600 billion and $65 billion, respectively.

Production of Electronic Equipment in 1985 (billions of U.S. dollars)

Industry United States Western Europe Japan Rest of World Total Data processing 80.4 21.2 17.3 9.9 128. Communication s 28.6 17.7 7.5 4.6 58. Industrial 34.9 17.8 9.5 4.3 66. Consumer 16.2 10.1 36.1 12.4 74. Military 49.2 11.0 — 1.0 61. Transportation 8.5 2.0 2.8 3.0 16. Total 217.8 79.8 73.2 35.2 406.

VLSI development [CMOS = complementary metal-oxide semiconductor; BIP = bipolar]. Computers Computers are one area where VLSI technology has been fully adopted. The development of digital computing started with the ENIAC project in the 1940s, followed by the machine productivity stage started by the IBM system/ 360. During this stage the number – crunching capacity of computers was steadily increased. In the 1980s we have only begun the third step of development – simplifying information handling and user interfaces. This development has been made possible by advances in processing power, defined in millions of instructions per second [MIPS], in the central processing unit. A modern supercomputer, for example the cray XMP, has a maximum capacity of 200 – 240 MIPS. VLSI technology has also dramatically increased the processing power in individual workstations. Three MIPS are already being used in commercial workstations and 100 MIPS workstation will be available in the early 1990s.

Digital computing development

Roles of IT in different sector

Information Technology is the Backbone to All Sectors. Information Technology (IT) can be termed as a backbone to all the industries because of wide-scale use of computers, internet and telecommunications systems. Information Technology helps in managing, manipulating, storing, regaining, sharing/communicating and transmitting small as well as large amount of information/ data conveniently and effectively. Few Examples of How IT Has Changed Industries Around the world:  Media: Media field has been totally upgraded and transformed by the IT. Now, media can cover news better and can distribute it for mass consumption on a larger scale. Apart from TV and radio, online websites have been launched to keep people updated. Now we are having 24*7 news.

Impact of IT in today’s scenario

Technology affects the way individuals communicate, learn, and think. It helps society and determines how people interact with each other on a daily basis. Technology plays an important role in society today. It has positive and negative effects on the world and it impacts daily lives. We are living in an era where technological advances are common. The internet and cell phones are some examples. However, with technological advances, there’s a downside to it all. Technology has impacted society is through communication, how we talk and communicate with one another worldwide. Technology brought many new methods of electronic communication. For example, there are emails, social networking, you can facetime a person that lives on the other side of the world, and here’s video conferencing where you can have conferences electronically. Lastly, the technological advancements that were made within the health industry have helped keep people safe and healthy. There are many innovate apps on phones that although people to watch their weight, how many calories they intake, heart rate and other health properties any time of the day. There’s increased accessibility of treatment available, there’s the change in healthcare that adds benefits for the elderly, and hospitals using advanced technology within their surgical rooms. However, studies show that mobile communication affects people in a negative way when it comes to being sociable and making face-to-face contact. Mobile technology can decrease communication and relations between people. There’s less personal time, where you find that you don’t enough time for yourself because you’re always in contact with someone. Also, it can be distracting from your schoolwork. There is also loss of privacy, because anyone can find you anywhere, at any time of the day. In conclusion, all of these things impact how humans act today. Without technological advancements, our way of life would not be as complex. Technological influences shape the way humans act today.

Information Technology helps business, governments, and individuals increase their efficiency and effectiveness. Rapid improvements in hardware and processing ability forces consumers to purchase new relevant technology. On a market level, this rapid turnover creates demand. While information technology is quickly becoming something that we cannot live without, there are many aspects that keep us on our toes. Trying to stay current on the changes and be able to afford the upgrades can make a person feel helpless and confused. But when we understand the different aspect of information technology, then we can accomplish so much more that without it. Although the presence of technology does not ensure equity and accessibility in learning, it has the power to lower barriers to both in ways previously impossible. No matter their perceived abilities or geographic locations, all learners can access resources, experiences, planning tools, and information that can set them on a path to acquiring expertise unimaginable a generation ago. Tools and data systems can be integrated seamlessly to provide information on student learning progress beyond the static and dated scores of traditional assessments. Learning dashboards and collaboration and communication tools can help connect teachers and families with instantaneous ease. This all is made more likely with the guidance of strong vision and leadership at all levels from teacher-leaders to school, district, and state administrators. For these roles, too, technology allows greater communication, resource sharing, and improved practice so that the vision is owned by all and dedicated to helping every individual in the system improve learning for students. States, districts, and post-secondary institutions should develop and implement learning resources that embody the flexibility and power of technology to create equitable and accessible learning ecosystems that make learning possible everywhere and all the time for all students. Whether creating learning resources internally, drawing on collaborative networks, or using traditional procurement procedures, institutions should insist on the use of resources and the design of learning experiences that use UD practices to ensure accessibility and increased equity of learning opportunities. States, districts, and post-secondary institutions should develop and implement learning resources that use technology to embody design principles from the learning sciences. Educational systems have access to cutting-edge learning sciences research. To make better use

For this report I got help from Application of IT in today’s scenario

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