psych 101 test 1 long answer | Study notes Psychology

Module 1:

● In memory, the first part of it converts information into neural impulses.

● Encoding is passive when there is no effort to remember the information (watching tv)

● Encoding is active when effort put into remembering the information (studying for exams,

taking notes) and has more details and better accuracy

● Structural encoding questions relate to the structure of the word

● Phonemic encoding relates to how the word sounds like

● Semantic encoding relates to the meaning of the word.

● Focusing on the meaning of the word (semantic) works the best to recall information

● Elaboration is a form of semantic encoding that connects it to already -known info -ex

metaphors.

● Self-referent leads to the best memory recall

● Self- referent encoding allows one to retain info by relating it to past experiences

● Dual encoding is having 2 codes for one piece of info - a mental image and a mental

word.

● Second process of the memory storage - how information is maintained in the memory

● 3 diff memory stores: short-term memory, long-term, sensory memory

● Sensory organs collect the info which is held for a bit in a sensory register (there is visual

and auditory register), which make up the sensory memory

● Raw sensory info is kept in the register → light falls on receptors in the retina which

produces an inverted picture of what we see

● Evidence of a visual register comes from experiences with afterimages → seeing

continuity of light coming from multiple places

● Visual registers maintain info for ¼ of a second, audio holds it for under 1 sec

● Eidetic visual register = photographic memory → visual register lasts longer, many a few

seconds

● Info from sensory memory can be transferred into the short term memory or waking

memory if it is the focus.

● If rehearsal is used, the information in the short term memory can be maintained

indefinitely.

● Once rehearsal ends (not thinking about it anymore) info will leave from short term in 20

seconds

● Repeating something over and over so you remember it is called inculcation\

● Short term memory has a small capacity of holding information

● Short term memory consists mainly of storage, holding info for 20-30sec but can also

process info, therefore being attention and memory (according to Baddeley)

● Eventually gets sent to long term memory

● Baddeley’s model of working memory is composed of three slave systems governed by

a fourth system called the Central Executive. The first system is called the phonological

loop, which includes an auditory store and an articulatory loop. The auditory store

maintains speech inputs, like those encountered in a conversation or when reading.

● To understand a sentence (written or verbal), you must have some memory of the

sentence’s beginning by the time you get to the end, and the auditory store allows you to

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Module 1: ● In memory, the first part of it converts information into neural impulses. ● Encoding is passive when there is no effort to remember the information (watching tv) ● Encoding is active when effort put into remembering the information (studying for exams, taking notes) and has more details and better accuracy ● Structural encoding questions relate to the structure of the word ● Phonemic encoding relates to how the word sounds like ● Semantic encoding relates to the meaning of the word. ● Focusing on the meaning of the word (semantic) works the best to recall information ● Elaboration is a form of semantic encoding that connects it to already -known info -ex metaphors. ● Self-referent leads to the best memory recall ● Self- referent encoding allows one to retain info by relating it to past experiences ● Dual encoding is having 2 codes for one piece of info - a mental image and a mental word. ● Second process of the memory storage - how information is maintained in the memory ● 3 diff memory stores: short-term memory, long-term, sensory memory ● Sensory organs collect the info which is held for a bit in a sensory register (there is visual and auditory register), which make up the sensory memory ● Raw sensory info is kept in the register → light falls on receptors in the retina which produces an inverted picture of what we see ● Evidence of a visual register comes from experiences with afterimages → seeing continuity of light coming from multiple places ● Visual registers maintain info for ¼ of a second, audio holds it for under 1 sec ● Eidetic visual register = photographic memory → visual register lasts longer, many a few seconds ● Info from sensory memory can be transferred into the short term memory or waking memory if it is the focus. ● If rehearsal is used, the information in the short term memory can be maintained indefinitely. ● Once rehearsal ends (not thinking about it anymore) info will leave from short term in 20 seconds ● Repeating something over and over so you remember it is called inculcation ● Short term memory has a small capacity of holding information ● Short term memory consists mainly of storage, holding info for 20-30sec but can also process info, therefore being attention and memory (according to Baddeley) ● Eventually gets sent to long term memory ● Baddeley’s model of working memory is composed of three slave systems governed by a fourth system called the Central Executive. The first system is called the phonological loop, which includes an auditory store and an articulatory loop. The auditory store maintains speech inputs, like those encountered in a conversation or when reading. ● To understand a sentence (written or verbal), you must have some memory of the sentence’s beginning by the time you get to the end, and the auditory store allows you to

do that, but it decays rather quickly, so if the sentence is too long or too complicated, you might have to start back from the beginning. ● The second aspect is the articulation loop, which is a subvocal rehearsal of auditory information. It is your internal mental dialogue that helps to maintain information in the auditory store. After looking up a phone number, for instance, you might repeat it over and over again until you finish dialing it on your phone. Note that as long as you continue to rehearse the information, it remains in the store. But once you stop, the information decays and is lost. ● Whereas the phonological loop deals with auditory information, the next module in working memory deals with visual information. The Visuo-spatial Sketchpad allows us to work with and manipulate mental images, keeping track of what objects are present and where they are in relation to us, and each other. ● The third system, the Episodic Buffer, integrates visual, auditory, and verbal information within a chronological order, thus creating a movie like experience or episode. This system also holds information retrieved from long-term memory. For instance, if you were asked about the circumference of a circle on a math test, the formula would be retrieved from long-term memory and held in the episodic buffer while you complete the question. Once complete, the formula would be dumped from the buffer and be ready for the next question. ● But how does working memory determine how attention is deployed to each of the three systems? That’s the job of the last system, which monitors and coordinates the other three systems and deploys attention depending on what is needed by the current task. It’s also responsible for switching between tasks, and then redeploying attention accordingly. ● Because this last system is responsible for management of the other three, it is called the central executive. Because the other three systems must do as directed by the Central Executive, they are collectively referred to as slave systems. ● The visual register is a part of sensory memory which contains visual images constructed by the visual system. The Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad is a part of working memory and contains mental images constructed by the nervous system. ● Long term memory has a deep level of processing and info in there can possibly be there forever, excluding brain damage ● Inaccessible info occurs when it is in the long term memory but cannot be retrieved ● When info has been lost from the long term memory it is called unavailable ● Long term memory can hold unlimited amount of information, provided you are not tired and able to learn ● Long term info is stored in networks called semantic networks that have different connections between different topics based on different experiences ● Other concepts related to the prime are also identifiable using the same procedure, but accuracy of unrelated concepts is poor. This suggests that priming one concept also activates other related concepts in the network, a process called Spreading Activation ● Long term memory can be divided into prospective memory → memory to perform actions in the future, like picking up groceries on the way back home ● And retrospective memory → memories of the past

Use the median number and subtract it from all other numbers. Add these together and the sum will be 0 A correlation coefficient (represented by the roman letter r) is a statistic that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variable The same individual is measured twice -once for each variable. Negative relationship = high value for 1 variable are associated with low values for the other Positive relationship = high values are associated with both values (or low) In addition to the direction of the relationship, the correlation coefficient informs us of the strength (or magnitude) of the relationship between two variables. When the correlation is close to zero, this means that the relationship between the two variables is very weak or absent altogether. As the correlation moves further and further from zero in both directions, the relationship between the two variables becomes stronger and stronger. anytime you draw two samples from the same population, they will be different because they will have different quantities of sampling error

psych 101 test 1 long answer, Study notes of Psychology

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