PSYCH 3320 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE, Exams of Psychology

Download PSYCH 3320 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

PSYCH 3320 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE

Soma - Answers- cell body that contains nucleus dendrites - Answers- receives info from other neurons axon - Answers-

carries info away from neuron action potential - Answers-

1. resting membrane potential
2. excitatory potential depolarizes the membrane to threshold, sodium (Na+) channels open
3. sodium enters the cell, depolarization occurs
4. sodium channels inactivated, potassium (K+) channels open
5. repolarization occurs as potassium flows out of the cell
6. sodium channels reset upon returning to the resting membrane potential by opening of inactivation gate and closing of activation gate
7. potassium channels are too slow to close, resulting in hyperpolarization
8. potassium channels close by the closing of their activation gate and the resting membrane potential is gradually restored permeability - Answers- channels let certain chemicals pass and keep others out neurotransmitter action steps - Answers- 1. molecules synthesized- influenced by enzymes
9. molecules stored in vesicles
10. molecules that leak are destroyed
11. vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane and release molecules into synapse
12. released molecules bind with autoreceptors

measures brain activation by detecting increase in oxygen levels in active neural structures PET - Answers- positron emission tomography injecting radioactive substance into bloodstream to mark blood flow and oxygen uptake Cognition Involves - Perception Attention Memory Language Problem-solving Reasoning and decision-making Cognitive Psychology - Branch of psychology that focuses on the scientific study of the mind Mind - Creates and controls functions like perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning Aristotle and Plato - wrote extensively on the nature of memory Plato - Nativist who emphasized the roles of innate factors in the acquisition of knowledge Aristotle - Empiricist who emphasized the role of experience in the acquisition of knowledge Donders - wanted to understand the mind with the respect to decision making Reaction Time Experiment - Measures interval between stimulus presentation and person's response to stimulus (donders) Simple Reaction Time Experiment - participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears Choice Reaction Time Experiment - participant pushes a button quickly if light is on right side, and another button if light is on left side Time to make a decision - Choice RT - Simple RT How long does it take to make a decision? - 1/10th of a second Ebbinghaus - Read list of nonsense syllables aloud to determine number of reps necessary to repeat list without errors Savings - (Original time to learn the list) - (Time to relearn the list after a delay)

Retention Curve - measures how much information is retained at each point in time following learning Wundt - Structuralism Structuralism - Experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensations Any conscious thought/idea defined in terms of four properties - Mode, Quality, Intensity, Duration Analytic Introspection (Wundt) - participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli Watson - Behaviorism Little Albert Experiment - A study in which a white rat was paired with a loud sudden noise in order to condition a fear response in an infant. classical conditioning - a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. B.F. Skinner - interest in determining the relationship between stimuli and response Operant Conditioning (Skinner) - a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior based on consequences of actions Limitations of Behaviorism - failure to account for aspects of human behavior, & language Tolman - cognition; studied rats and discovered the "cognitive map" in rats and humans Information Processing Approach - A way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer Broadbent - model representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus Behavioral Approach - measures relationship between stimuli and behavior Physiological Approach - measures relationship between physiology and behavior Structural Model - physical structure

Amygdala - Associated with emotional reactions and emotional memories FEAR Medulla - Transmits information from spinal cord to brain, regulates life support functions Pons - Facilitates cross over of information between left side of the body and the right side of the brain (vice-versa) Cerebellum - contains neurons that coordinates muscular activities governs balance, motor behavior, and coordination Inferior and Superior Colliculi - Involved in relaying information between other brain regions such as cerebellum and forebrain Reticular Formation - Keeps us awake and Alert, involved in arousal Nerve Net - signals transmitted in all directions, continuous interconnected network Neurons - cells specialized to receive and transmit informations in the nervous system- contain cell Boyd, axon, and dendrites Neuron Doctrine - the idea that individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory Cell body - metabolic center of the neuron Dendrites - multiple branches reaching from the cell body which receives information from other neurons Axon - nerve fibers that transmits electrical signals to other neurons Synapse - small gap between two neurons where communication occurs Afferent - ARRIVES (takes info to the brain) Efferent - EXIT (takes info fro brain to other muscular structures) Resting Potential - constant stage where the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside Threshold - amount of voltage it takes to make a neuron fire Action Potential - electrical signal sent along the axon to the synapse White Matter - myelinated axons

Gray Matter - cell bodies Broca's Aphasia - condition resulting from damage to Broca's area (usually in left frontal lobe) causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly Wernicke's Aphasia - condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language Concept of Module - an area of specialized cortex for a specific function Fusiform Face Area - a region in the temporal lobe of the brain that helps us recognize the people we know Prosopognosia - inability to recognize faces parahippocampal place area (PPA) - An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes. extrastriate body area (EBA) - An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects. Specify Coding - representation of a specific stimulus by firing of specifically tuned neurons that just respond to a single stimuli Distributed Coding - representation of an object or experience by the pattern of firing of a number of neurons Population Coding - representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons Sparse Coding - neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons event-related potential (ERP) - Neuron "firing" is an electrical event Measure electrical activity on the scalp and make inferences about underlying brain activity Averaged over a large number of trials to calculate ERPs Advantage: continuous and rapid measurements Disadvantage: does not give precise location EEG test - to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain

bottom-up processing - parts are identified and then put together then recognition occurs top-down processing - the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole Bottom Up - may start with the sense, incoming raw data, energy registering on receptors Top Down - perception may start with the brain, person's knowledge experience, expectation inform what is perceived Feature Detection Theory - physical features inform subsequent processes to identify what is present in the world Recognition from Components Theory - perception created by different combos of elementary features Top down processing is driven by: - knowledge, expections actively seeking and extracting information from sensory information Converging signals - signals travel to brain and provide basic information about basic features signals sent to provide details about surroundings Pareidola - seeing things within photo, brain fills in gap, rapid, non-conscious The McGurk Effect - a perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. The illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound. Illusions - errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality Hemholtz Theory - theory of top down processing suggests that we use our knowledge to guide perceptions. we infer much of what we know about the world likelihood principle - we perceive the world in the way that is "most likely" based on our past experiences Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization - similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity Good Continuation (Gestalt) - organize our continuation into complete objects rather than parts

Law of good figure (simplicity or prägnanz) - every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible law of similarity - The Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions. Law of Proximity (Gestalt) - elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit Figure Ground Relationship - The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground). Law of Common Fate (Gestalt) - things moving together seem to be grouped together Law of Familiarity - Law of perceptual organization that states that things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful. Mirror Neurons - frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy